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Top of the kernel thread stack should be reserved for pt_regs. However
this is not the case for the idle threads of the secondary boot harts.
Their stacks overlap with their pt_regs, so both may get corrupted.
Similar issue has been fixed for the primary hart, see c7cdd96eca28
("riscv: prevent stack corruption by reserving task_pt_regs(p) early").
However that fix was not propagated to the secondary harts. The problem
has been noticed in some CPU hotplug tests with V enabled. The function
smp_callin stored several registers on stack, corrupting top of pt_regs
structure including status field. As a result, kernel attempted to save
or restore inexistent V context.
Fixes: 9a2451f18663 ("RISC-V: Avoid using per cpu array for ordered booting")
Fixes: 2875fe056156 ("RISC-V: Add cpu_ops and modify default booting method")
Signed-off-by: Sergey Matyukevich <sergey.matyukevich@syntacore.com>
Reviewed-by: Alexandre Ghiti <alexghiti@rivosinc.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20240523084327.2013211-1-geomatsi@gmail.com
Signed-off-by: Palmer Dabbelt <palmer@rivosinc.com>
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Now that we expose PAC to NV guests, we can also expose BTI (as
the two as joined at the hip, due to some of the PAC instructions
being landing pads).
While we're at it, also propagate CSV_frac, which requires no
particular emulation.
Fixes: f4f6a95bac49 ("KVM: arm64: nv: Advertise support for PAuth")
Reviewed-by: Oliver Upton <oliver.upton@linux.dev>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20240528100632.1831995-3-maz@kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Marc Zyngier <maz@kernel.org>
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ERETAx can fail in multiple ways:
(1) ELR_EL2 points lalaland
(2) we get a PAC failure
(3) SPSR_EL2 has the wrong mode
(1) is easy, as we just let the CPU do its thing and deliver an
Instruction Abort. However, (2) and (3) are interesting, because
the PAC failure priority is way below that of the Illegal Execution
State exception.
Which means that if we have detected a PAC failure (and that we have
FPACCOMBINE), we must be careful to give priority to the Illegal
Execution State exception, should one be pending.
Solving this involves hoisting the SPSR calculation earlier and
testing for the IL bit before injecting the FPAC exception.
In the extreme case of a ERETAx returning to an invalid mode *and*
failing its PAC check, we end up with an Instruction Abort (due
to the new PC being mangled by the failed Auth) *and* PSTATE.IL
being set. Which matches the requirements of the architecture.
Whilst we're at it, remove a stale comment that states the obvious
and only confuses the reader.
Fixes: 213b3d1ea161 ("KVM: arm64: nv: Handle ERETA[AB] instructions")
Reviewed-by: Joey Gouly <joey.gouly@arm.com>
Reviewed-by: Oliver Upton <oliver.upton@linux.dev>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20240528100632.1831995-2-maz@kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Marc Zyngier <maz@kernel.org>
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git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/netdev/net
Pull networking fixes from Paolo Abeni:
"Including fixes from bpf and netfilter.
Current release - regressions:
- gro: initialize network_offset in network layer
- tcp: reduce accepted window in NEW_SYN_RECV state
Current release - new code bugs:
- eth: mlx5e: do not use ptp structure for tx ts stats when not
initialized
- eth: ice: check for unregistering correct number of devlink params
Previous releases - regressions:
- bpf: Allow delete from sockmap/sockhash only if update is allowed
- sched: taprio: extend minimum interval restriction to entire cycle
too
- netfilter: ipset: add list flush to cancel_gc
- ipv4: fix address dump when IPv4 is disabled on an interface
- sock_map: avoid race between sock_map_close and sk_psock_put
- eth: mlx5: use mlx5_ipsec_rx_status_destroy to correctly delete
status rules
Previous releases - always broken:
- core: fix __dst_negative_advice() race
- bpf:
- fix multi-uprobe PID filtering logic
- fix pkt_type override upon netkit pass verdict
- netfilter: tproxy: bail out if IP has been disabled on the device
- af_unix: annotate data-race around unix_sk(sk)->addr
- eth: mlx5e: fix UDP GSO for encapsulated packets
- eth: idpf: don't enable NAPI and interrupts prior to allocating Rx
buffers
- eth: i40e: fully suspend and resume IO operations in EEH case
- eth: octeontx2-pf: free send queue buffers incase of leaf to inner
- eth: ipvlan: dont Use skb->sk in ipvlan_process_v{4,6}_outbound"
* tag 'net-6.10-rc2' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/netdev/net: (69 commits)
netdev: add qstat for csum complete
ipvlan: Dont Use skb->sk in ipvlan_process_v{4,6}_outbound
net: ena: Fix redundant device NUMA node override
ice: check for unregistering correct number of devlink params
ice: fix 200G PHY types to link speed mapping
i40e: Fully suspend and resume IO operations in EEH case
i40e: factoring out i40e_suspend/i40e_resume
e1000e: move force SMBUS near the end of enable_ulp function
net: dsa: microchip: fix RGMII error in KSZ DSA driver
ipv4: correctly iterate over the target netns in inet_dump_ifaddr()
net: fix __dst_negative_advice() race
nfc/nci: Add the inconsistency check between the input data length and count
MAINTAINERS: dwmac: starfive: update Maintainer
net/sched: taprio: extend minimum interval restriction to entire cycle too
net/sched: taprio: make q->picos_per_byte available to fill_sched_entry()
netfilter: nft_fib: allow from forward/input without iif selector
netfilter: tproxy: bail out if IP has been disabled on the device
netfilter: nft_payload: skbuff vlan metadata mangle support
net: ti: icssg-prueth: Fix start counter for ft1 filter
sock_map: avoid race between sock_map_close and sk_psock_put
...
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tl;dr: CPUs with CPUID.80000008H but without CPUID.01H:EDX[CLFSH]
will end up reporting cache_line_size()==0 and bad things happen.
Fill in a default on those to avoid the problem.
Long Story:
The kernel dies a horrible death if c->x86_cache_alignment (aka.
cache_line_size() is 0. Normally, this value is populated from
c->x86_clflush_size.
Right now the code is set up to get c->x86_clflush_size from two
places. First, modern CPUs get it from CPUID. Old CPUs that don't
have leaf 0x80000008 (or CPUID at all) just get some sane defaults
from the kernel in get_cpu_address_sizes().
The vast majority of CPUs that have leaf 0x80000008 also get
->x86_clflush_size from CPUID. But there are oddballs.
Intel Quark CPUs[1] and others[2] have leaf 0x80000008 but don't set
CPUID.01H:EDX[CLFSH], so they skip over filling in ->x86_clflush_size:
cpuid(0x00000001, &tfms, &misc, &junk, &cap0);
if (cap0 & (1<<19))
c->x86_clflush_size = ((misc >> 8) & 0xff) * 8;
So they: land in get_cpu_address_sizes() and see that CPUID has level
0x80000008 and jump into the side of the if() that does not fill in
c->x86_clflush_size. That assigns a 0 to c->x86_cache_alignment, and
hilarity ensues in code like:
buffer = kzalloc(ALIGN(sizeof(*buffer), cache_line_size()),
GFP_KERNEL);
To fix this, always provide a sane value for ->x86_clflush_size.
Big thanks to Andy Shevchenko for finding and reporting this and also
providing a first pass at a fix. But his fix was only partial and only
worked on the Quark CPUs. It would not, for instance, have worked on
the QEMU config.
1. https://raw.githubusercontent.com/InstLatx64/InstLatx64/master/GenuineIntel/GenuineIntel0000590_Clanton_03_CPUID.txt
2. You can also get this behavior if you use "-cpu 486,+clzero"
in QEMU.
[ dhansen: remove 'vp_bits_from_cpuid' reference in changelog
because bpetkov brutally murdered it recently. ]
Fixes: fbf6449f84bf ("x86/sev-es: Set x86_virt_bits to the correct value straight away, instead of a two-phase approach")
Reported-by: Andy Shevchenko <andriy.shevchenko@linux.intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@linux.intel.com>
Tested-by: Andy Shevchenko <andriy.shevchenko@linux.intel.com>
Tested-by: Jörn Heusipp <osmanx@heusipp.de>
Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/all/20240516173928.3960193-1-andriy.shevchenko@linux.intel.com/
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/5e31cad3-ad4d-493e-ab07-724cfbfaba44@heusipp.de/
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/all/20240517200534.8EC5F33E%40davehans-spike.ostc.intel.com
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and greater
The new AMD/HYGON topology parser evaluates the SMT information in CPUID leaf
0x8000001e unconditionally while the original code restricted it to CPUs with
family 0x17 and greater.
This breaks family 0x15 CPUs which advertise that leaf and have a non-zero
value in the SMT section. The machine boots, but the scheduler complains loudly
about the mismatch of the core IDs:
WARNING: CPU: 1 PID: 0 at kernel/sched/core.c:6482 sched_cpu_starting+0x183/0x250
WARNING: CPU: 0 PID: 1 at kernel/sched/topology.c:2408 build_sched_domains+0x76b/0x12b0
Add the condition back to cure it.
[ bp: Make it actually build because grandpa is not concerned with
trivial stuff. :-P ]
Fixes: f7fb3b2dd92c ("x86/cpu: Provide an AMD/HYGON specific topology parser")
Closes: https://gitlab.archlinux.org/archlinux/packaging/packages/linux/-/issues/56
Reported-by: Tim Teichmann <teichmanntim@outlook.de>
Reported-by: Christian Heusel <christian@heusel.eu>
Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Signed-off-by: Borislav Petkov (AMD) <bp@alien8.de>
Tested-by: Tim Teichmann <teichmanntim@outlook.de>
Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/7skhx6mwe4hxiul64v6azhlxnokheorksqsdbp7qw6g2jduf6c@7b5pvomauugk
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When building a 32-bit kernel, some toolchains do not allow mixing soft
float and hard float object files:
LD vmlinux.o
powerpc64le-unknown-linux-musl-ld: lib/test_fpu_impl.o uses hard float, arch/powerpc/kernel/udbg.o uses soft float
powerpc64le-unknown-linux-musl-ld: failed to merge target specific data of file lib/test_fpu_impl.o
make[2]: *** [scripts/Makefile.vmlinux_o:62: vmlinux.o] Error 1
make[1]: *** [Makefile:1152: vmlinux_o] Error 2
make: *** [Makefile:240: __sub-make] Error 2
This is not an issue when building a 64-bit kernel. To unbreak the
build, limit ARCH_HAS_KERNEL_FPU_SUPPORT to 64-bit kernels. This is okay
because the only real user of this option, amdgpu, was previously
limited to PPC64 anyway; see commit a28e4b672f04 ("drm/amd/display: use
ARCH_HAS_KERNEL_FPU_SUPPORT").
Fixes: 01db473e1aa3 ("powerpc: implement ARCH_HAS_KERNEL_FPU_SUPPORT")
Reported-by: kernel test robot <lkp@intel.com>
Closes: https://lore.kernel.org/oe-kbuild-all/202405250851.Z4daYSWG-lkp@intel.com/
Reported-by: Guenter Roeck <linux@roeck-us.net>
Closes: https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/eeffaec3-df63-4e55-ab7a-064a65c00efa@roeck-us.net/
Signed-off-by: Samuel Holland <samuel.holland@sifive.com>
Tested-by: Guenter Roeck <linux@roeck-us.net>
Signed-off-by: Michael Ellerman <mpe@ellerman.id.au>
Link: https://msgid.link/20240529162852.1209-1-samuel.holland@sifive.com
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The 'ld' instruction requires a 4-byte aligned displacement because it
is a DS-form instruction. But the "m" asm constraint doesn't enforce
that.
Add a special case of __get_user_asm2_goto() so that the "YZ" constraint
can be used for "ld".
The "Z" constraint is documented in the GCC manual PowerPC machine
constraints, and specifies a "memory operand accessed with indexed or
indirect addressing". "Y" is not documented in the manual but specifies
a "memory operand for a DS-form instruction". Using both allows the
compiler to generate a DS-form "ld" or X-form "ldx" as appropriate.
The change has to be conditional on CONFIG_PPC_KERNEL_PREFIXED because
the "Y" constraint does not guarantee 4-byte alignment when prefixed
instructions are enabled.
No build errors have been reported due to this, but the possibility is
there depending on compiler code generation decisions.
Fixes: c20beffeec3c ("powerpc/uaccess: Use flexible addressing with __put_user()/__get_user()")
Signed-off-by: Michael Ellerman <mpe@ellerman.id.au>
Link: https://msgid.link/20240529123029.146953-2-mpe@ellerman.id.au
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Building ppc64le_defconfig with GCC 14 fails with assembler errors:
CC fs/readdir.o
/tmp/ccdQn0mD.s: Assembler messages:
/tmp/ccdQn0mD.s:212: Error: operand out of domain (18 is not a multiple of 4)
/tmp/ccdQn0mD.s:226: Error: operand out of domain (18 is not a multiple of 4)
... [6 lines]
/tmp/ccdQn0mD.s:1699: Error: operand out of domain (18 is not a multiple of 4)
A snippet of the asm shows:
# ../fs/readdir.c:210: unsafe_copy_dirent_name(dirent->d_name, name, namlen, efault_end);
ld 9,0(29) # MEM[(u64 *)name_38(D) + _88 * 1], MEM[(u64 *)name_38(D) + _88 * 1]
# 210 "../fs/readdir.c" 1
1: std 9,18(8) # put_user # *__pus_addr_52, MEM[(u64 *)name_38(D) + _88 * 1]
The 'std' instruction requires a 4-byte aligned displacement because
it is a DS-form instruction, and as the assembler says, 18 is not a
multiple of 4.
A similar error is seen with GCC 13 and CONFIG_UBSAN_SIGNED_WRAP=y.
The fix is to change the constraint on the memory operand to put_user(),
from "m" which is a general memory reference to "YZ".
The "Z" constraint is documented in the GCC manual PowerPC machine
constraints, and specifies a "memory operand accessed with indexed or
indirect addressing". "Y" is not documented in the manual but specifies
a "memory operand for a DS-form instruction". Using both allows the
compiler to generate a DS-form "std" or X-form "stdx" as appropriate.
The change has to be conditional on CONFIG_PPC_KERNEL_PREFIXED because
the "Y" constraint does not guarantee 4-byte alignment when prefixed
instructions are enabled.
Unfortunately clang doesn't support the "Y" constraint so that has to be
behind an ifdef.
Although the build error is only seen with GCC 13/14, that appears
to just be luck. The constraint has been incorrect since it was first
added.
Fixes: c20beffeec3c ("powerpc/uaccess: Use flexible addressing with __put_user()/__get_user()")
Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org # v5.10+
Suggested-by: Kewen Lin <linkw@gcc.gnu.org>
Signed-off-by: Michael Ellerman <mpe@ellerman.id.au>
Link: https://msgid.link/20240529123029.146953-1-mpe@ellerman.id.au
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It's not an error or exceptional situation when the hosting
environment does not expose a name for the LP/guest via RTAS or the
device tree. This happens with qemu when run without the '-name'
option. The message also lacks a newline. Remove it.
Signed-off-by: Nathan Lynch <nathanl@linux.ibm.com>
Fixes: eddaa9a40275 ("powerpc/pseries: read the lpar name from the firmware")
Signed-off-by: Michael Ellerman <mpe@ellerman.id.au>
Link: https://msgid.link/20240524-lparcfg-updates-v2-1-62e2e9d28724@linux.ibm.com
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The Linux Kernel Memory Model [1][2] requires RMW operations that have a
return value to be fully ordered.
BPF atomic operations with BPF_FETCH (including BPF_XCHG and
BPF_CMPXCHG) return a value back so they need to be JITed to fully
ordered operations. POWERPC currently emits relaxed operations for
these.
We can show this by running the following litmus-test:
PPC SB+atomic_add+fetch
{
0:r0=x; (* dst reg assuming offset is 0 *)
0:r1=2; (* src reg *)
0:r2=1;
0:r4=y; (* P0 writes to this, P1 reads this *)
0:r5=z; (* P1 writes to this, P0 reads this *)
0:r6=0;
1:r2=1;
1:r4=y;
1:r5=z;
}
P0 | P1 ;
stw r2, 0(r4) | stw r2,0(r5) ;
| ;
loop:lwarx r3, r6, r0 | ;
mr r8, r3 | ;
add r3, r3, r1 | sync ;
stwcx. r3, r6, r0 | ;
bne loop | ;
mr r1, r8 | ;
| ;
lwa r7, 0(r5) | lwa r7,0(r4) ;
~exists(0:r7=0 /\ 1:r7=0)
Witnesses
Positive: 9 Negative: 3
Condition ~exists (0:r7=0 /\ 1:r7=0)
Observation SB+atomic_add+fetch Sometimes 3 9
This test shows that the older store in P0 is reordered with a newer
load to a different address. Although there is a RMW operation with
fetch between them. Adding a sync before and after RMW fixes the issue:
Witnesses
Positive: 9 Negative: 0
Condition ~exists (0:r7=0 /\ 1:r7=0)
Observation SB+atomic_add+fetch Never 0 9
[1] https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/memory-barriers.txt
[2] https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/atomic_t.txt
Fixes: aea7ef8a82c0 ("powerpc/bpf/32: add support for BPF_ATOMIC bitwise operations")
Fixes: 2d9206b22743 ("powerpc/bpf/32: Add instructions for atomic_[cmp]xchg")
Fixes: dbe6e2456fb0 ("powerpc/bpf/64: add support for atomic fetch operations")
Fixes: 1e82dfaa7819 ("powerpc/bpf/64: Add instructions for atomic_[cmp]xchg")
Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org # v6.0+
Signed-off-by: Puranjay Mohan <puranjay@kernel.org>
Reviewed-by: Christophe Leroy <christophe.leroy@csgroup.eu>
Reviewed-by: Naveen N Rao <naveen@kernel.org>
Acked-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Michael Ellerman <mpe@ellerman.id.au>
Link: https://msgid.link/20240513100248.110535-1-puranjay@kernel.org
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https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/bpf/bpf
Daniel Borkmann says:
====================
pull-request: bpf 2024-05-27
We've added 15 non-merge commits during the last 7 day(s) which contain
a total of 18 files changed, 583 insertions(+), 55 deletions(-).
The main changes are:
1) Fix broken BPF multi-uprobe PID filtering logic which filtered by thread
while the promise was to filter by process, from Andrii Nakryiko.
2) Fix the recent influx of syzkaller reports to sockmap which triggered
a locking rule violation by performing a map_delete, from Jakub Sitnicki.
3) Fixes to netkit driver in particular on skb->pkt_type override upon pass
verdict, from Daniel Borkmann.
4) Fix an integer overflow in resolve_btfids which can wrongly trigger build
failures, from Friedrich Vock.
5) Follow-up fixes for ARC JIT reported by static analyzers,
from Shahab Vahedi.
* tag 'for-netdev' of https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/bpf/bpf:
selftests/bpf: Cover verifier checks for mutating sockmap/sockhash
Revert "bpf, sockmap: Prevent lock inversion deadlock in map delete elem"
bpf: Allow delete from sockmap/sockhash only if update is allowed
selftests/bpf: Add netkit test for pkt_type
selftests/bpf: Add netkit tests for mac address
netkit: Fix pkt_type override upon netkit pass verdict
netkit: Fix setting mac address in l2 mode
ARC, bpf: Fix issues reported by the static analyzers
selftests/bpf: extend multi-uprobe tests with USDTs
selftests/bpf: extend multi-uprobe tests with child thread case
libbpf: detect broken PID filtering logic for multi-uprobe
bpf: remove unnecessary rcu_read_{lock,unlock}() in multi-uprobe attach logic
bpf: fix multi-uprobe PID filtering logic
bpf: Fix potential integer overflow in resolve_btfids
MAINTAINERS: Add myself as reviewer of ARM64 BPF JIT
====================
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20240527203551.29712-1-daniel@iogearbox.net
Signed-off-by: Jakub Kicinski <kuba@kernel.org>
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We recently upgraded the view of ESR_EL2 to 64bit, in keeping with
the requirements of the architecture.
However, the AArch32 emulation code was left unaudited, and the
(already dodgy) code that triages whether a trap is spurious or not
(because the condition code failed) broke in a subtle way:
If ESR_EL2.ISS2 is ever non-zero (unlikely, but hey, this is the ARM
architecture we're talking about), the hack that tests the top bits
of ESR_EL2.EC will break in an interesting way.
Instead, use kvm_vcpu_trap_get_class() to obtain the EC, and list
all the possible ECs that can fail a condition code check.
While we're at it, add SMC32 to the list, as it is explicitly listed
as being allowed to trap despite failing a condition code check (as
described in the HCR_EL2.TSC documentation).
Fixes: 0b12620fddb8 ("KVM: arm64: Treat ESR_EL2 as a 64-bit register")
Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
Acked-by: Oliver Upton <oliver.upton@linux.dev>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20240524141956.1450304-4-maz@kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Marc Zyngier <maz@kernel.org>
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It appears that we don't allow a vcpu to be restored in AArch32
System mode, as we *never* included it in the list of valid modes.
Just add it to the list of allowed modes.
Fixes: 0d854a60b1d7 ("arm64: KVM: enable initialization of a 32bit vcpu")
Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
Acked-by: Oliver Upton <oliver.upton@linux.dev>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20240524141956.1450304-3-maz@kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Marc Zyngier <maz@kernel.org>
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When userspace writes to one of the core registers, we make
sure to narrow the corresponding GPRs if PSTATE indicates
an AArch32 context.
The code tries to check whether the context is EL0 or EL1 so
that it narrows the correct registers. But it does so by checking
the full PSTATE instead of PSTATE.M.
As a consequence, and if we are restoring an AArch32 EL0 context
in a 64bit guest, and that PSTATE has *any* bit set outside of
PSTATE.M, we narrow *all* registers instead of only the first 15,
destroying the 64bit state.
Obviously, this is not something the guest is likely to enjoy.
Correctly masking PSTATE to only evaluate PSTATE.M fixes it.
Fixes: 90c1f934ed71 ("KVM: arm64: Get rid of the AArch32 register mapping code")
Reported-by: Nina Schoetterl-Glausch <nsg@linux.ibm.com>
Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
Reviewed-by: Nina Schoetterl-Glausch <nsg@linux.ibm.com>
Acked-by: Oliver Upton <oliver.upton@linux.dev>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20240524141956.1450304-2-maz@kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Marc Zyngier <maz@kernel.org>
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git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/akpm/mm
Pull misc fixes from Andrew Morton:
"16 hotfixes, 11 of which are cc:stable.
A few nilfs2 fixes, the remainder are for MM: a couple of selftests
fixes, various singletons fixing various issues in various parts"
* tag 'mm-hotfixes-stable-2024-05-25-09-13' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/akpm/mm:
mm/ksm: fix possible UAF of stable_node
mm/memory-failure: fix handling of dissolved but not taken off from buddy pages
mm: /proc/pid/smaps_rollup: avoid skipping vma after getting mmap_lock again
nilfs2: fix potential hang in nilfs_detach_log_writer()
nilfs2: fix unexpected freezing of nilfs_segctor_sync()
nilfs2: fix use-after-free of timer for log writer thread
selftests/mm: fix build warnings on ppc64
arm64: patching: fix handling of execmem addresses
selftests/mm: compaction_test: fix bogus test success and reduce probability of OOM-killer invocation
selftests/mm: compaction_test: fix incorrect write of zero to nr_hugepages
selftests/mm: compaction_test: fix bogus test success on Aarch64
mailmap: update email address for Satya Priya
mm/huge_memory: don't unpoison huge_zero_folio
kasan, fortify: properly rename memintrinsics
lib: add version into /proc/allocinfo output
mm/vmalloc: fix vmalloc which may return null if called with __GFP_NOFAIL
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git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/tip
Pull irq fixes from Ingo Molnar:
- Fix x86 IRQ vector leak caused by a CPU offlining race
- Fix build failure in the riscv-imsic irqchip driver
caused by an API-change semantic conflict
- Fix use-after-free in irq_find_at_or_after()
* tag 'irq-urgent-2024-05-25' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/tip:
genirq/irqdesc: Prevent use-after-free in irq_find_at_or_after()
genirq/cpuhotplug, x86/vector: Prevent vector leak during CPU offline
irqchip/riscv-imsic: Fixup riscv_ipi_set_virq_range() conflict
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git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/tip
Pull x86 fixes from Ingo Molnar:
- Fix regressions of the new x86 CPU VFM (vendor/family/model)
enumeration/matching code
- Fix crash kernel detection on buggy firmware with
non-compliant ACPI MADT tables
- Address Kconfig warning
* tag 'x86-urgent-2024-05-25' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/tip:
x86/cpu: Fix x86_match_cpu() to match just X86_VENDOR_INTEL
crypto: x86/aes-xts - switch to new Intel CPU model defines
x86/topology: Handle bogus ACPI tables correctly
x86/kconfig: Select ARCH_WANT_FRAME_POINTERS again when UNWINDER_FRAME_POINTER=y
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git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/uml/linux
Pull UML updates from Richard Weinberger:
- Fixes for -Wmissing-prototypes warnings and further cleanup
- Remove callback returning void from rtc and virtio drivers
- Fix bash location
* tag 'uml-for-linus-6.10-rc1' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/uml/linux: (26 commits)
um: virtio_uml: Convert to platform remove callback returning void
um: rtc: Convert to platform remove callback returning void
um: Remove unused do_get_thread_area function
um: Fix -Wmissing-prototypes warnings for __vdso_*
um: Add an internal header shared among the user code
um: Fix the declaration of kasan_map_memory
um: Fix the -Wmissing-prototypes warning for get_thread_reg
um: Fix the -Wmissing-prototypes warning for __switch_mm
um: Fix -Wmissing-prototypes warnings for (rt_)sigreturn
um: Stop tracking host PID in cpu_tasks
um: process: remove unused 'n' variable
um: vector: remove unused len variable/calculation
um: vector: fix bpfflash parameter evaluation
um: slirp: remove set but unused variable 'pid'
um: signal: move pid variable where needed
um: Makefile: use bash from the environment
um: Add winch to winch_handlers before registering winch IRQ
um: Fix -Wmissing-prototypes warnings for __warp_* and foo
um: Fix -Wmissing-prototypes warnings for text_poke*
um: Move declarations to proper headers
...
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Also updated couple of comments along the way.
One of the issues reported was indeed a bug in the code:
memset(ctx, 0, sizeof(ctx)) // original line
memset(ctx, 0, sizeof(*ctx)) // fixed line
That was a nice catch.
Reported-by: kernel test robot <lkp@intel.com>
Closes: https://lore.kernel.org/oe-kbuild-all/202405222314.UG5F2NHn-lkp@intel.com/
Closes: https://lore.kernel.org/oe-kbuild-all/202405232036.Xqoc3b0J-lkp@intel.com/
Signed-off-by: Shahab Vahedi <shahab@synopsys.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20240525035628.1026-1-list+bpf@vahedi.org
Signed-off-by: Alexei Starovoitov <ast@kernel.org>
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git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/akpm/mm
Pull more mm updates from Andrew Morton:
"Jeff Xu's implementation of the mseal() syscall"
* tag 'mm-stable-2024-05-24-11-49' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/akpm/mm:
selftest mm/mseal read-only elf memory segment
mseal: add documentation
selftest mm/mseal memory sealing
mseal: add mseal syscall
mseal: wire up mseal syscall
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Klara Modin reported warnings for a kernel configured with BPF_JIT but
without MODULES:
[ 44.131296] Trying to vfree() bad address (000000004a17c299)
[ 44.138024] WARNING: CPU: 1 PID: 193 at mm/vmalloc.c:3189 remove_vm_area (mm/vmalloc.c:3189 (discriminator 1))
[ 44.146675] CPU: 1 PID: 193 Comm: kworker/1:2 Tainted: G D W 6.9.0-01786-g2c9e5d4a0082 #25
[ 44.158229] Hardware name: Raspberry Pi 3 Model B (DT)
[ 44.164433] Workqueue: events bpf_prog_free_deferred
[ 44.170492] pstate: 60000005 (nZCv daif -PAN -UAO -TCO -DIT -SSBS BTYPE=--)
[ 44.178601] pc : remove_vm_area (mm/vmalloc.c:3189 (discriminator 1))
[ 44.183705] lr : remove_vm_area (mm/vmalloc.c:3189 (discriminator 1))
[ 44.188772] sp : ffff800082a13c70
[ 44.193112] x29: ffff800082a13c70 x28: 0000000000000000 x27: 0000000000000000
[ 44.201384] x26: 0000000000000000 x25: ffff00003a44efa0 x24: 00000000d4202000
[ 44.209658] x23: ffff800081223dd0 x22: ffff00003a198a40 x21: ffff8000814dd880
[ 44.217924] x20: 00000000d4202000 x19: ffff8000814dd880 x18: 0000000000000006
[ 44.226206] x17: 0000000000000000 x16: 0000000000000020 x15: 0000000000000002
[ 44.234460] x14: ffff8000811a6370 x13: 0000000020000000 x12: 0000000000000000
[ 44.242710] x11: ffff8000811a6370 x10: 0000000000000144 x9 : ffff8000811fe370
[ 44.250959] x8 : 0000000000017fe8 x7 : 00000000fffff000 x6 : ffff8000811fe370
[ 44.259206] x5 : 0000000000000000 x4 : 0000000000000000 x3 : 0000000000000000
[ 44.267457] x2 : 0000000000000000 x1 : 0000000000000000 x0 : ffff000002203240
[ 44.275703] Call trace:
[ 44.279158] remove_vm_area (mm/vmalloc.c:3189 (discriminator 1))
[ 44.283858] vfree (mm/vmalloc.c:3322)
[ 44.287835] execmem_free (mm/execmem.c:70)
[ 44.292347] bpf_jit_free_exec+0x10/0x1c
[ 44.297283] bpf_prog_pack_free (kernel/bpf/core.c:1006)
[ 44.302457] bpf_jit_binary_pack_free (kernel/bpf/core.c:1195)
[ 44.307951] bpf_jit_free (include/linux/filter.h:1083 arch/arm64/net/bpf_jit_comp.c:2474)
[ 44.312342] bpf_prog_free_deferred (kernel/bpf/core.c:2785)
[ 44.317785] process_one_work (kernel/workqueue.c:3273)
[ 44.322684] worker_thread (kernel/workqueue.c:3342 (discriminator 2) kernel/workqueue.c:3429 (discriminator 2))
[ 44.327292] kthread (kernel/kthread.c:388)
[ 44.331342] ret_from_fork (arch/arm64/kernel/entry.S:861)
The problem is because bpf_arch_text_copy() silently fails to write to the
read-only area as a result of patch_map() faulting and the resulting
-EFAULT being chucked away.
Update patch_map() to use CONFIG_EXECMEM instead of
CONFIG_STRICT_MODULE_RWX to check for vmalloc addresses.
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20240521213813.703309-1-rppt@kernel.org
Fixes: 2c9e5d4a0082 ("bpf: remove CONFIG_BPF_JIT dependency on CONFIG_MODULES of")
Signed-off-by: Will Deacon <will@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Mike Rapoport (IBM) <rppt@kernel.org>
Reported-by: Klara Modin <klarasmodin@gmail.com>
Closes: https://lore.kernel.org/all/7983fbbf-0127-457c-9394-8d6e4299c685@gmail.com
Tested-by: Klara Modin <klarasmodin@gmail.com>
Cc: Björn Töpel <bjorn@kernel.org>
Cc: Luis Chamberlain <mcgrof@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
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git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/riscv/linux
Pull more RISC-V updates from Palmer Dabbelt:
- The compression format used for boot images is now configurable at
build time, and these formats are shown in `make help`
- access_ok() has been optimized
- A pair of performance bugs have been fixed in the uaccess handlers
- Various fixes and cleanups, including one for the IMSIC build failure
and one for the early-boot ftrace illegal NOPs bug
* tag 'riscv-for-linus-6.10-mw2' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/riscv/linux:
riscv: Fix early ftrace nop patching
irqchip: riscv-imsic: Fixup riscv_ipi_set_virq_range() conflict
riscv: selftests: Add signal handling vector tests
riscv: mm: accelerate pagefault when badaccess
riscv: uaccess: Relax the threshold for fast path
riscv: uaccess: Allow the last potential unrolled copy
riscv: typo in comment for get_f64_reg
Use bool value in set_cpu_online()
riscv: selftests: Add hwprobe binaries to .gitignore
riscv: stacktrace: fixed walk_stackframe()
ftrace: riscv: move from REGS to ARGS
riscv: do not select MODULE_SECTIONS by default
riscv: show help string for riscv-specific targets
riscv: make image compression configurable
riscv: cpufeature: Fix extension subset checking
riscv: cpufeature: Fix thead vector hwcap removal
riscv: rewrite __kernel_map_pages() to fix sleeping in invalid context
riscv: force PAGE_SIZE linear mapping if debug_pagealloc is enabled
riscv: Define TASK_SIZE_MAX for __access_ok()
riscv: Remove PGDIR_SIZE_L3 and TASK_SIZE_MIN
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git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/xen/tip
Pull xen updates from Juergen Gross:
- a small cleanup in the drivers/xen/xenbus Makefile
- a fix of the Xen xenstore driver to improve connecting to a late
started Xenstore
- an enhancement for better support of ballooning in PVH guests
- a cleanup using try_cmpxchg() instead of open coding it
* tag 'for-linus-6.10a-rc1-tag' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/xen/tip:
drivers/xen: Improve the late XenStore init protocol
xen/xenbus: Use *-y instead of *-objs in Makefile
xen/x86: add extra pages to unpopulated-alloc if available
locking/x86/xen: Use try_cmpxchg() in xen_alloc_p2m_entry()
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Patch series "Introduce mseal", v10.
This patchset proposes a new mseal() syscall for the Linux kernel.
In a nutshell, mseal() protects the VMAs of a given virtual memory range
against modifications, such as changes to their permission bits.
Modern CPUs support memory permissions, such as the read/write (RW) and
no-execute (NX) bits. Linux has supported NX since the release of kernel
version 2.6.8 in August 2004 [1]. The memory permission feature improves
the security stance on memory corruption bugs, as an attacker cannot
simply write to arbitrary memory and point the code to it. The memory
must be marked with the X bit, or else an exception will occur.
Internally, the kernel maintains the memory permissions in a data
structure called VMA (vm_area_struct). mseal() additionally protects the
VMA itself against modifications of the selected seal type.
Memory sealing is useful to mitigate memory corruption issues where a
corrupted pointer is passed to a memory management system. For example,
such an attacker primitive can break control-flow integrity guarantees
since read-only memory that is supposed to be trusted can become writable
or .text pages can get remapped. Memory sealing can automatically be
applied by the runtime loader to seal .text and .rodata pages and
applications can additionally seal security critical data at runtime. A
similar feature already exists in the XNU kernel with the
VM_FLAGS_PERMANENT [3] flag and on OpenBSD with the mimmutable syscall
[4]. Also, Chrome wants to adopt this feature for their CFI work [2] and
this patchset has been designed to be compatible with the Chrome use case.
Two system calls are involved in sealing the map: mmap() and mseal().
The new mseal() is an syscall on 64 bit CPU, and with following signature:
int mseal(void addr, size_t len, unsigned long flags)
addr/len: memory range.
flags: reserved.
mseal() blocks following operations for the given memory range.
1> Unmapping, moving to another location, and shrinking the size,
via munmap() and mremap(), can leave an empty space, therefore can
be replaced with a VMA with a new set of attributes.
2> Moving or expanding a different VMA into the current location,
via mremap().
3> Modifying a VMA via mmap(MAP_FIXED).
4> Size expansion, via mremap(), does not appear to pose any specific
risks to sealed VMAs. It is included anyway because the use case is
unclear. In any case, users can rely on merging to expand a sealed VMA.
5> mprotect() and pkey_mprotect().
6> Some destructive madvice() behaviors (e.g. MADV_DONTNEED) for anonymous
memory, when users don't have write permission to the memory. Those
behaviors can alter region contents by discarding pages, effectively a
memset(0) for anonymous memory.
The idea that inspired this patch comes from Stephen Röttger’s work in
V8 CFI [5]. Chrome browser in ChromeOS will be the first user of this
API.
Indeed, the Chrome browser has very specific requirements for sealing,
which are distinct from those of most applications. For example, in the
case of libc, sealing is only applied to read-only (RO) or read-execute
(RX) memory segments (such as .text and .RELRO) to prevent them from
becoming writable, the lifetime of those mappings are tied to the lifetime
of the process.
Chrome wants to seal two large address space reservations that are managed
by different allocators. The memory is mapped RW- and RWX respectively
but write access to it is restricted using pkeys (or in the future ARM
permission overlay extensions). The lifetime of those mappings are not
tied to the lifetime of the process, therefore, while the memory is
sealed, the allocators still need to free or discard the unused memory.
For example, with madvise(DONTNEED).
However, always allowing madvise(DONTNEED) on this range poses a security
risk. For example if a jump instruction crosses a page boundary and the
second page gets discarded, it will overwrite the target bytes with zeros
and change the control flow. Checking write-permission before the discard
operation allows us to control when the operation is valid. In this case,
the madvise will only succeed if the executing thread has PKEY write
permissions and PKRU changes are protected in software by control-flow
integrity.
Although the initial version of this patch series is targeting the Chrome
browser as its first user, it became evident during upstream discussions
that we would also want to ensure that the patch set eventually is a
complete solution for memory sealing and compatible with other use cases.
The specific scenario currently in mind is glibc's use case of loading and
sealing ELF executables. To this end, Stephen is working on a change to
glibc to add sealing support to the dynamic linker, which will seal all
non-writable segments at startup. Once this work is completed, all
applications will be able to automatically benefit from these new
protections.
In closing, I would like to formally acknowledge the valuable
contributions received during the RFC process, which were instrumental in
shaping this patch:
Jann Horn: raising awareness and providing valuable insights on the
destructive madvise operations.
Liam R. Howlett: perf optimization.
Linus Torvalds: assisting in defining system call signature and scope.
Theo de Raadt: sharing the experiences and insight gained from
implementing mimmutable() in OpenBSD.
MM perf benchmarks
==================
This patch adds a loop in the mprotect/munmap/madvise(DONTNEED) to
check the VMAs’ sealing flag, so that no partial update can be made,
when any segment within the given memory range is sealed.
To measure the performance impact of this loop, two tests are developed.
[8]
The first is measuring the time taken for a particular system call,
by using clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC). The second is using
PERF_COUNT_HW_REF_CPU_CYCLES (exclude user space). Both tests have
similar results.
The tests have roughly below sequence:
for (i = 0; i < 1000, i++)
create 1000 mappings (1 page per VMA)
start the sampling
for (j = 0; j < 1000, j++)
mprotect one mapping
stop and save the sample
delete 1000 mappings
calculates all samples.
Below tests are performed on Intel(R) Pentium(R) Gold 7505 @ 2.00GHz,
4G memory, Chromebook.
Based on the latest upstream code:
The first test (measuring time)
syscall__ vmas t t_mseal delta_ns per_vma %
munmap__ 1 909 944 35 35 104%
munmap__ 2 1398 1502 104 52 107%
munmap__ 4 2444 2594 149 37 106%
munmap__ 8 4029 4323 293 37 107%
munmap__ 16 6647 6935 288 18 104%
munmap__ 32 11811 12398 587 18 105%
mprotect 1 439 465 26 26 106%
mprotect 2 1659 1745 86 43 105%
mprotect 4 3747 3889 142 36 104%
mprotect 8 6755 6969 215 27 103%
mprotect 16 13748 14144 396 25 103%
mprotect 32 27827 28969 1142 36 104%
madvise_ 1 240 262 22 22 109%
madvise_ 2 366 442 76 38 121%
madvise_ 4 623 751 128 32 121%
madvise_ 8 1110 1324 215 27 119%
madvise_ 16 2127 2451 324 20 115%
madvise_ 32 4109 4642 534 17 113%
The second test (measuring cpu cycle)
syscall__ vmas cpu cmseal delta_cpu per_vma %
munmap__ 1 1790 1890 100 100 106%
munmap__ 2 2819 3033 214 107 108%
munmap__ 4 4959 5271 312 78 106%
munmap__ 8 8262 8745 483 60 106%
munmap__ 16 13099 14116 1017 64 108%
munmap__ 32 23221 24785 1565 49 107%
mprotect 1 906 967 62 62 107%
mprotect 2 3019 3203 184 92 106%
mprotect 4 6149 6569 420 105 107%
mprotect 8 9978 10524 545 68 105%
mprotect 16 20448 21427 979 61 105%
mprotect 32 40972 42935 1963 61 105%
madvise_ 1 434 497 63 63 115%
madvise_ 2 752 899 147 74 120%
madvise_ 4 1313 1513 200 50 115%
madvise_ 8 2271 2627 356 44 116%
madvise_ 16 4312 4883 571 36 113%
madvise_ 32 8376 9319 943 29 111%
Based on the result, for 6.8 kernel, sealing check adds
20-40 nano seconds, or around 50-100 CPU cycles, per VMA.
In addition, I applied the sealing to 5.10 kernel:
The first test (measuring time)
syscall__ vmas t tmseal delta_ns per_vma %
munmap__ 1 357 390 33 33 109%
munmap__ 2 442 463 21 11 105%
munmap__ 4 614 634 20 5 103%
munmap__ 8 1017 1137 120 15 112%
munmap__ 16 1889 2153 263 16 114%
munmap__ 32 4109 4088 -21 -1 99%
mprotect 1 235 227 -7 -7 97%
mprotect 2 495 464 -30 -15 94%
mprotect 4 741 764 24 6 103%
mprotect 8 1434 1437 2 0 100%
mprotect 16 2958 2991 33 2 101%
mprotect 32 6431 6608 177 6 103%
madvise_ 1 191 208 16 16 109%
madvise_ 2 300 324 24 12 108%
madvise_ 4 450 473 23 6 105%
madvise_ 8 753 806 53 7 107%
madvise_ 16 1467 1592 125 8 108%
madvise_ 32 2795 3405 610 19 122%
The second test (measuring cpu cycle)
syscall__ nbr_vma cpu cmseal delta_cpu per_vma %
munmap__ 1 684 715 31 31 105%
munmap__ 2 861 898 38 19 104%
munmap__ 4 1183 1235 51 13 104%
munmap__ 8 1999 2045 46 6 102%
munmap__ 16 3839 3816 -23 -1 99%
munmap__ 32 7672 7887 216 7 103%
mprotect 1 397 443 46 46 112%
mprotect 2 738 788 50 25 107%
mprotect 4 1221 1256 35 9 103%
mprotect 8 2356 2429 72 9 103%
mprotect 16 4961 4935 -26 -2 99%
mprotect 32 9882 10172 291 9 103%
madvise_ 1 351 380 29 29 108%
madvise_ 2 565 615 49 25 109%
madvise_ 4 872 933 61 15 107%
madvise_ 8 1508 1640 132 16 109%
madvise_ 16 3078 3323 245 15 108%
madvise_ 32 5893 6704 811 25 114%
For 5.10 kernel, sealing check adds 0-15 ns in time, or 10-30
CPU cycles, there is even decrease in some cases.
It might be interesting to compare 5.10 and 6.8 kernel
The first test (measuring time)
syscall__ vmas t_5_10 t_6_8 delta_ns per_vma %
munmap__ 1 357 909 552 552 254%
munmap__ 2 442 1398 956 478 316%
munmap__ 4 614 2444 1830 458 398%
munmap__ 8 1017 4029 3012 377 396%
munmap__ 16 1889 6647 4758 297 352%
munmap__ 32 4109 11811 7702 241 287%
mprotect 1 235 439 204 204 187%
mprotect 2 495 1659 1164 582 335%
mprotect 4 741 3747 3006 752 506%
mprotect 8 1434 6755 5320 665 471%
mprotect 16 2958 13748 10790 674 465%
mprotect 32 6431 27827 21397 669 433%
madvise_ 1 191 240 49 49 125%
madvise_ 2 300 366 67 33 122%
madvise_ 4 450 623 173 43 138%
madvise_ 8 753 1110 357 45 147%
madvise_ 16 1467 2127 660 41 145%
madvise_ 32 2795 4109 1314 41 147%
The second test (measuring cpu cycle)
syscall__ vmas cpu_5_10 c_6_8 delta_cpu per_vma %
munmap__ 1 684 1790 1106 1106 262%
munmap__ 2 861 2819 1958 979 327%
munmap__ 4 1183 4959 3776 944 419%
munmap__ 8 1999 8262 6263 783 413%
munmap__ 16 3839 13099 9260 579 341%
munmap__ 32 7672 23221 15549 486 303%
mprotect 1 397 906 509 509 228%
mprotect 2 738 3019 2281 1140 409%
mprotect 4 1221 6149 4929 1232 504%
mprotect 8 2356 9978 7622 953 423%
mprotect 16 4961 20448 15487 968 412%
mprotect 32 9882 40972 31091 972 415%
madvise_ 1 351 434 82 82 123%
madvise_ 2 565 752 186 93 133%
madvise_ 4 872 1313 442 110 151%
madvise_ 8 1508 2271 763 95 151%
madvise_ 16 3078 4312 1234 77 140%
madvise_ 32 5893 8376 2483 78 142%
From 5.10 to 6.8
munmap: added 250-550 ns in time, or 500-1100 in cpu cycle, per vma.
mprotect: added 200-750 ns in time, or 500-1200 in cpu cycle, per vma.
madvise: added 33-50 ns in time, or 70-110 in cpu cycle, per vma.
In comparison to mseal, which adds 20-40 ns or 50-100 CPU cycles, the
increase from 5.10 to 6.8 is significantly larger, approximately ten times
greater for munmap and mprotect.
When I discuss the mm performance with Brian Makin, an engineer who worked
on performance, it was brought to my attention that such performance
benchmarks, which measuring millions of mm syscall in a tight loop, may
not accurately reflect real-world scenarios, such as that of a database
service. Also this is tested using a single HW and ChromeOS, the data
from another HW or distribution might be different. It might be best to
take this data with a grain of salt.
This patch (of 5):
Wire up mseal syscall for all architectures.
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20240415163527.626541-1-jeffxu@chromium.org
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20240415163527.626541-2-jeffxu@chromium.org
Signed-off-by: Jeff Xu <jeffxu@chromium.org>
Reviewed-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Reviewed-by: Liam R. Howlett <Liam.Howlett@oracle.com>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@intel.com>
Cc: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
Cc: Guenter Roeck <groeck@chromium.org>
Cc: Jann Horn <jannh@google.com> [Bug #2]
Cc: Jeff Xu <jeffxu@google.com>
Cc: Jonathan Corbet <corbet@lwn.net>
Cc: Jorge Lucangeli Obes <jorgelo@chromium.org>
Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Matthew Wilcox (Oracle) <willy@infradead.org>
Cc: Muhammad Usama Anjum <usama.anjum@collabora.com>
Cc: Pedro Falcato <pedro.falcato@gmail.com>
Cc: Stephen Röttger <sroettger@google.com>
Cc: Suren Baghdasaryan <surenb@google.com>
Cc: Amer Al Shanawany <amer.shanawany@gmail.com>
Cc: Javier Carrasco <javier.carrasco.cruz@gmail.com>
Cc: Shuah Khan <shuah@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
|
|
The absence of IRQD_MOVE_PCNTXT prevents immediate effectiveness of
interrupt affinity reconfiguration via procfs. Instead, the change is
deferred until the next instance of the interrupt being triggered on the
original CPU.
When the interrupt next triggers on the original CPU, the new affinity is
enforced within __irq_move_irq(). A vector is allocated from the new CPU,
but the old vector on the original CPU remains and is not immediately
reclaimed. Instead, apicd->move_in_progress is flagged, and the reclaiming
process is delayed until the next trigger of the interrupt on the new CPU.
Upon the subsequent triggering of the interrupt on the new CPU,
irq_complete_move() adds a task to the old CPU's vector_cleanup list if it
remains online. Subsequently, the timer on the old CPU iterates over its
vector_cleanup list, reclaiming old vectors.
However, a rare scenario arises if the old CPU is outgoing before the
interrupt triggers again on the new CPU.
In that case irq_force_complete_move() is not invoked on the outgoing CPU
to reclaim the old apicd->prev_vector because the interrupt isn't currently
affine to the outgoing CPU, and irq_needs_fixup() returns false. Even
though __vector_schedule_cleanup() is later called on the new CPU, it
doesn't reclaim apicd->prev_vector; instead, it simply resets both
apicd->move_in_progress and apicd->prev_vector to 0.
As a result, the vector remains unreclaimed in vector_matrix, leading to a
CPU vector leak.
To address this issue, move the invocation of irq_force_complete_move()
before the irq_needs_fixup() call to reclaim apicd->prev_vector, if the
interrupt is currently or used to be affine to the outgoing CPU.
Additionally, reclaim the vector in __vector_schedule_cleanup() as well,
following a warning message, although theoretically it should never see
apicd->move_in_progress with apicd->prev_cpu pointing to an offline CPU.
Fixes: f0383c24b485 ("genirq/cpuhotplug: Add support for cleaning up move in progress")
Signed-off-by: Dongli Zhang <dongli.zhang@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20240522220218.162423-1-dongli.zhang@oracle.com
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git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/trace/linux-trace
Pull tracing cleanup from Steven Rostedt:
"Remove second argument of __assign_str()
The __assign_str() macro logic of the TRACE_EVENT() macro was
optimized so that it no longer needs the second argument. The
__assign_str() is always matched with __string() field that takes a
field name and the source for that field:
__string(field, source)
The TRACE_EVENT() macro logic will save off the source value and then
use that value to copy into the ring buffer via the __assign_str().
Before commit c1fa617caeb0 ("tracing: Rework __assign_str() and
__string() to not duplicate getting the string"), the __assign_str()
needed the second argument which would perform the same logic as the
__string() source parameter did. Not only would this add overhead, but
it was error prone as if the __assign_str() source produced something
different, it may not have allocated enough for the string in the ring
buffer (as the __string() source was used to determine how much to
allocate)
Now that the __assign_str() just uses the same string that was used in
__string() it no longer needs the source parameter. It can now be
removed"
* tag 'trace-assign-str-v6.10' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/trace/linux-trace:
tracing/treewide: Remove second parameter of __assign_str()
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git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/alarsson/linux-sparc
Pull sparc updates from Andreas Larsson:
- Avoid on-stack cpumask variables in a number of places
- Move struct termio to asm/termios.h, matching other architectures and
allowing certain user space applications to build also for sparc
- Fix missing prototype warnings for sparc64
- Fix version generation warnings for sparc32
- Fix bug where non-consecutive CPU IDs lead to some CPUs not starting
- Simplification using swap and cleanup using NULL for pointer
- Convert sparc parport and chmc drivers to use remove callbacks
returning void
* tag 'sparc-for-6.10-tag1' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/alarsson/linux-sparc:
sparc/leon: Remove on-stack cpumask var
sparc/pci_msi: Remove on-stack cpumask var
sparc/of: Remove on-stack cpumask var
sparc/irq: Remove on-stack cpumask var
sparc/srmmu: Remove on-stack cpumask var
sparc: chmc: Convert to platform remove callback returning void
sparc: parport: Convert to platform remove callback returning void
sparc: Compare pointers to NULL instead of 0
sparc: Use swap() to fix Coccinelle warning
sparc32: Fix version generation failed warnings
sparc64: Fix number of online CPUs
sparc64: Fix prototype warning for sched_clock
sparc64: Fix prototype warnings in adi_64.c
sparc64: Fix prototype warning for dma_4v_iotsb_bind
sparc64: Fix prototype warning for uprobe_trap
sparc64: Fix prototype warning for alloc_irqstack_bootmem
sparc64: Fix prototype warning for vmemmap_free
sparc64: Fix prototype warnings in traps_64.c
sparc64: Fix prototype warning for init_vdso_image
sparc: move struct termio to asm/termios.h
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git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/arm64/linux
Pull arm64 fixes from Will Deacon:
"The major fix here is for a filesystem corruption issue reported on
Apple M1 as a result of buggy management of the floating point
register state introduced in 6.8. I initially reverted one of the
offending patches, but in the end Ard cooked a proper fix so there's a
revert+reapply in the series.
Aside from that, we've got some CPU errata workarounds and misc other
fixes.
- Fix broken FP register state tracking which resulted in filesystem
corruption when dm-crypt is used
- Workarounds for Arm CPU errata affecting the SSBS Spectre
mitigation
- Fix lockdep assertion in DMC620 memory controller PMU driver
- Fix alignment of BUG table when CONFIG_DEBUG_BUGVERBOSE is
disabled"
* tag 'arm64-fixes' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/arm64/linux:
arm64/fpsimd: Avoid erroneous elide of user state reload
Reapply "arm64: fpsimd: Implement lazy restore for kernel mode FPSIMD"
arm64: asm-bug: Add .align 2 to the end of __BUG_ENTRY
perf/arm-dmc620: Fix lockdep assert in ->event_init()
Revert "arm64: fpsimd: Implement lazy restore for kernel mode FPSIMD"
arm64: errata: Add workaround for Arm errata 3194386 and 3312417
arm64: cputype: Add Neoverse-V3 definitions
arm64: cputype: Add Cortex-X4 definitions
arm64: barrier: Restore spec_bar() macro
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Pull virtio updates from Michael Tsirkin:
"Several new features here:
- virtio-net is finally supported in vduse
- virtio (balloon and mem) interaction with suspend is improved
- vhost-scsi now handles signals better/faster
And fixes, cleanups all over the place"
* tag 'for_linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/mst/vhost: (48 commits)
virtio-pci: Check if is_avq is NULL
virtio: delete vq in vp_find_vqs_msix() when request_irq() fails
MAINTAINERS: add Eugenio Pérez as reviewer
vhost-vdpa: Remove usage of the deprecated ida_simple_xx() API
vp_vdpa: don't allocate unused msix vectors
sound: virtio: drop owner assignment
fuse: virtio: drop owner assignment
scsi: virtio: drop owner assignment
rpmsg: virtio: drop owner assignment
nvdimm: virtio_pmem: drop owner assignment
wifi: mac80211_hwsim: drop owner assignment
vsock/virtio: drop owner assignment
net: 9p: virtio: drop owner assignment
net: virtio: drop owner assignment
net: caif: virtio: drop owner assignment
misc: nsm: drop owner assignment
iommu: virtio: drop owner assignment
drm/virtio: drop owner assignment
gpio: virtio: drop owner assignment
firmware: arm_scmi: virtio: drop owner assignment
...
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When requesting an NMI window, WARN on vNMI support being enabled if and
only if NMIs are actually masked, i.e. if the vCPU is already handling an
NMI. KVM's ABI for NMIs that arrive simultanesouly (from KVM's point of
view) is to inject one NMI and pend the other. When using vNMI, KVM pends
the second NMI simply by setting V_NMI_PENDING, and lets the CPU do the
rest (hardware automatically sets V_NMI_BLOCKING when an NMI is injected).
However, if KVM can't immediately inject an NMI, e.g. because the vCPU is
in an STI shadow or is running with GIF=0, then KVM will request an NMI
window and trigger the WARN (but still function correctly).
Whether or not the GIF=0 case makes sense is debatable, as the intent of
KVM's behavior is to provide functionality that is as close to real
hardware as possible. E.g. if two NMIs are sent in quick succession, the
probability of both NMIs arriving in an STI shadow is infinitesimally low
on real hardware, but significantly larger in a virtual environment, e.g.
if the vCPU is preempted in the STI shadow. For GIF=0, the argument isn't
as clear cut, because the window where two NMIs can collide is much larger
in bare metal (though still small).
That said, KVM should not have divergent behavior for the GIF=0 case based
on whether or not vNMI support is enabled. And KVM has allowed
simultaneous NMIs with GIF=0 for over a decade, since commit 7460fb4a3400
("KVM: Fix simultaneous NMIs"). I.e. KVM's GIF=0 handling shouldn't be
modified without a *really* good reason to do so, and if KVM's behavior
were to be modified, it should be done irrespective of vNMI support.
Fixes: fa4c027a7956 ("KVM: x86: Add support for SVM's Virtual NMI")
Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
Cc: Santosh Shukla <Santosh.Shukla@amd.com>
Cc: Maxim Levitsky <mlevitsk@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Sean Christopherson <seanjc@google.com>
Message-ID: <20240522021435.1684366-1-seanjc@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
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Force KVM_WERROR if the global WERROR is enabled to avoid pestering the
user about a Kconfig that will ultimately be ignored. Force KVM_WERROR
instead of making it mutually exclusive with WERROR to avoid generating a
.config builds KVM with -Werror, but has KVM_WERROR=n.
Suggested-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Sean Christopherson <seanjc@google.com>
Message-ID: <20240517180341.974251-1-seanjc@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
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Disable KVM's "prove #VE" support by default, as it provides no functional
value, and even its sanity checking benefits are relatively limited. I.e.
it should be fully opt-in even on debug kernels, especially since EPT
Violation #VE suppression appears to be buggy on some CPUs.
Opportunistically add a line in the help text to make it abundantly clear
that KVM_INTEL_PROVE_VE should never be enabled in a production
environment.
Suggested-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Sean Christopherson <seanjc@google.com>
Message-ID: <20240518000430.1118488-10-seanjc@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
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Don't suppress printing EPT_VIOLATION_VE in /proc/cpuinfo, knowing whether
or not KVM_INTEL_PROVE_VE actually does anything is extremely valuable.
A privileged user can get at the information by reading the raw MSR, but
the whole point of the VMX flags is to avoid needing to glean information
from raw MSR reads.
Signed-off-by: Sean Christopherson <seanjc@google.com>
Message-ID: <20240518000430.1118488-9-seanjc@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
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Print the SPTEs that correspond to the faulting GPA on an unexpected EPT
Violation #VE to help the user debug failures, e.g. to pinpoint which SPTE
didn't have SUPPRESS_VE set.
Opportunistically assert that the underlying exit reason was indeed an EPT
Violation, as the CPU has *really* gone off the rails if a #VE occurs due
to a completely unexpected exit reason.
Signed-off-by: Sean Christopherson <seanjc@google.com>
Message-ID: <20240518000430.1118488-7-seanjc@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
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Dump the VMCS on an unexpected #VE, otherwise it's practically impossible
to figure out why the #VE occurred.
Signed-off-by: Sean Christopherson <seanjc@google.com>
Message-ID: <20240518000430.1118488-6-seanjc@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
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Assert that KVM doesn't set a SPTE to a value that could trigger an EPT
Violation #VE on a non-MMIO SPTE, e.g. to help detect bugs even without
KVM_INTEL_PROVE_VE enabled, and to help debug actual #VE failures.
Note, this will run afoul of TDX support, which needs to reflect emulated
MMIO accesses into the guest as #VEs (which was the whole point of adding
EPT Violation #VE support in KVM). The obvious fix for that is to exempt
MMIO SPTEs, but that's annoyingly difficult now that is_mmio_spte() relies
on a per-VM value. However, resolving that conundrum is a future problem,
whereas getting KVM_INTEL_PROVE_VE healthy is a current problem.
Signed-off-by: Sean Christopherson <seanjc@google.com>
Message-ID: <20240518000430.1118488-5-seanjc@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
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Always handle #VEs, e.g. due to prove EPT Violation #VE failures, in L0,
as KVM does not expose any #VE capabilities to L1, i.e. any and all #VEs
are KVM's responsibility.
Fixes: 8131cf5b4fd8 ("KVM: VMX: Introduce test mode related to EPT violation VE")
Signed-off-by: Sean Christopherson <seanjc@google.com>
Message-ID: <20240518000430.1118488-4-seanjc@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
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Point vmcs02.VE_INFORMATION_ADDRESS at the vCPU's #VE info page when
initializing vmcs02, otherwise KVM will run L2 with EPT Violation #VE
enabled and a VE info address pointing at pfn 0.
Fixes: 8131cf5b4fd8 ("KVM: VMX: Introduce test mode related to EPT violation VE")
Signed-off-by: Sean Christopherson <seanjc@google.com>
Message-ID: <20240518000430.1118488-3-seanjc@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
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Don't terminate the VM on an unexpected #VE, as it's extremely unlikely
the #VE is fatal to the guest, and even less likely that it presents a
danger to the host. Simply resume the guest on "failure", as the #VE info
page's BUSY field will prevent converting any more EPT Violations to #VEs
for the vCPU (at least, that's what the BUSY field is supposed to do).
Signed-off-by: Sean Christopherson <seanjc@google.com>
Message-ID: <20240518000430.1118488-8-seanjc@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
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Use SHADOW_NONPRESENT_VALUE when zapping TDP MMU SPTEs with mmu_lock held
for read, tdp_mmu_zap_spte_atomic() was simply missed during the initial
development.
Fixes: 7f01cab84928 ("KVM: x86/mmu: Allow non-zero value for non-present SPTE and removed SPTE")
Signed-off-by: Isaku Yamahata <isaku.yamahata@intel.com>
[sean: write changelog]
Signed-off-by: Sean Christopherson <seanjc@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Kai Huang <kai.huang@intel.com>
Message-ID: <20240518000430.1118488-2-seanjc@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
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Commit c97bf629963e ("riscv: Fix text patching when IPI are used")
converted ftrace_make_nop() to use patch_insn_write() which does not
emit any icache flush relying entirely on __ftrace_modify_code() to do
that.
But we missed that ftrace_make_nop() was called very early directly when
converting mcount calls into nops (actually on riscv it converts 2B nops
emitted by the compiler into 4B nops).
This caused crashes on multiple HW as reported by Conor and Björn since
the booting core could have half-patched instructions in its icache
which would trigger an illegal instruction trap: fix this by emitting a
local flush icache when early patching nops.
Fixes: c97bf629963e ("riscv: Fix text patching when IPI are used")
Signed-off-by: Alexandre Ghiti <alexghiti@rivosinc.com>
Reported-by: Conor Dooley <conor.dooley@microchip.com>
Tested-by: Conor Dooley <conor.dooley@microchip.com>
Reviewed-by: Björn Töpel <bjorn@rivosinc.com>
Tested-by: Björn Töpel <bjorn@rivosinc.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20240523115134.70380-1-alexghiti@rivosinc.com
Signed-off-by: Palmer Dabbelt <palmer@rivosinc.com>
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git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/akpm/mm
Pull more non-mm updates from Andrew Morton:
- A series ("kbuild: enable more warnings by default") from Arnd
Bergmann which enables a number of additional build-time warnings. We
fixed all the fallout which we could find, there may still be a few
stragglers.
- Samuel Holland has developed the series "Unified cross-architecture
kernel-mode FPU API". This does a lot of consolidation of
per-architecture kernel-mode FPU usage and enables the use of newer
AMD GPUs on RISC-V.
- Tao Su has fixed some selftests build warnings in the series
"Selftests: Fix compilation warnings due to missing _GNU_SOURCE
definition".
- This pull also includes a nilfs2 fixup from Ryusuke Konishi.
* tag 'mm-nonmm-stable-2024-05-22-17-30' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/akpm/mm: (23 commits)
nilfs2: make block erasure safe in nilfs_finish_roll_forward()
selftests/harness: use 1024 in place of LINE_MAX
Revert "selftests/harness: remove use of LINE_MAX"
selftests/fpu: allow building on other architectures
selftests/fpu: move FP code to a separate translation unit
drm/amd/display: use ARCH_HAS_KERNEL_FPU_SUPPORT
drm/amd/display: only use hard-float, not altivec on powerpc
riscv: add support for kernel-mode FPU
x86: implement ARCH_HAS_KERNEL_FPU_SUPPORT
powerpc: implement ARCH_HAS_KERNEL_FPU_SUPPORT
LoongArch: implement ARCH_HAS_KERNEL_FPU_SUPPORT
lib/raid6: use CC_FLAGS_FPU for NEON CFLAGS
arm64: crypto: use CC_FLAGS_FPU for NEON CFLAGS
arm64: implement ARCH_HAS_KERNEL_FPU_SUPPORT
ARM: crypto: use CC_FLAGS_FPU for NEON CFLAGS
ARM: implement ARCH_HAS_KERNEL_FPU_SUPPORT
arch: add ARCH_HAS_KERNEL_FPU_SUPPORT
x86/fpu: fix asm/fpu/types.h include guard
kbuild: enable -Wcast-function-type-strict unconditionally
kbuild: enable -Wformat-truncation on clang
...
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With the rework of how the __string() handles dynamic strings where it
saves off the source string in field in the helper structure[1], the
assignment of that value to the trace event field is stored in the helper
value and does not need to be passed in again.
This means that with:
__string(field, mystring)
Which use to be assigned with __assign_str(field, mystring), no longer
needs the second parameter and it is unused. With this, __assign_str()
will now only get a single parameter.
There's over 700 users of __assign_str() and because coccinelle does not
handle the TRACE_EVENT() macro I ended up using the following sed script:
git grep -l __assign_str | while read a ; do
sed -e 's/\(__assign_str([^,]*[^ ,]\) *,[^;]*/\1)/' $a > /tmp/test-file;
mv /tmp/test-file $a;
done
I then searched for __assign_str() that did not end with ';' as those
were multi line assignments that the sed script above would fail to catch.
Note, the same updates will need to be done for:
__assign_str_len()
__assign_rel_str()
__assign_rel_str_len()
I tested this with both an allmodconfig and an allyesconfig (build only for both).
[1] https://lore.kernel.org/linux-trace-kernel/20240222211442.634192653@goodmis.org/
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/linux-trace-kernel/20240516133454.681ba6a0@rorschach.local.home
Cc: Masami Hiramatsu <mhiramat@kernel.org>
Cc: Mathieu Desnoyers <mathieu.desnoyers@efficios.com>
Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Julia Lawall <Julia.Lawall@inria.fr>
Signed-off-by: Steven Rostedt (Google) <rostedt@goodmis.org>
Acked-by: Jani Nikula <jani.nikula@intel.com>
Acked-by: Christian König <christian.koenig@amd.com> for the amdgpu parts.
Acked-by: Thomas Hellström <thomas.hellstrom@linux.intel.com> #for
Acked-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rafael@kernel.org> # for thermal
Acked-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>
Acked-by: Darrick J. Wong <djwong@kernel.org> # xfs
Tested-by: Guenter Roeck <linux@roeck-us.net>
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Charlie Jenkins <charlie@rivosinc.com> says:
This series contains two minor fixes for the extension parsing in
cpufeature.c.
Some T-Head boards without vector 1.0 support report "v" in the isa
string in their DT which will cause the kernel to run vector code. The
code to blacklist "v" from these boards was doing so by using
riscv_cached_mvendorid() which has not been populated at the time of
extension parsing. This fix instead greedily reads the mvendorid CSR of
the boot hart to determine if the cpu is from T-Head.
The other fix is for an incorrect indexing bug. riscv extensions
sometimes imply other extensions. When adding these "subset" extensions
to the hardware capabilities array, they need to be checked if they are
valid. The current code only checks if the extension that is including
other extensions is valid and not the subset extensions.
These patches were previously included in:
https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/20240420-dev-charlie-support_thead_vector_6_9-v3-0-67cff4271d1d@rivosinc.com/
* b4-shazam-merge:
riscv: cpufeature: Fix extension subset checking
riscv: cpufeature: Fix thead vector hwcap removal
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20240502-cpufeature_fixes-v4-0-b3d1a088722d@rivosinc.com
Signed-off-by: Palmer Dabbelt <palmer@rivosinc.com>
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The access_error() of vma already checked under per-VMA lock, if it
is a bad access, directly handle error, no need to retry with mmap_lock
again. Since the page faut is handled under per-VMA lock, count it as
a vma lock event with VMA_LOCK_SUCCESS.
Reviewed-by: Suren Baghdasaryan <surenb@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Kefeng Wang <wangkefeng.wang@huawei.com>
Reviewed-by: Alexandre Ghiti <alexghiti@rivosinc.com>
Tested-by: Alexandre Ghiti <alexghiti@rivosinc.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20240403083805.1818160-6-wangkefeng.wang@huawei.com
Signed-off-by: Palmer Dabbelt <palmer@rivosinc.com>
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The bytes copy for unaligned head would cover at most SZREG-1 bytes, so
it's better to set the threshold as >= (SZREG-1 + word_copy stride size)
which equals to 9*SZREG-1.
Signed-off-by: Xiao Wang <xiao.w.wang@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Alexandre Ghiti <alexghiti@rivosinc.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20240313091929.4029960-1-xiao.w.wang@intel.com
Signed-off-by: Palmer Dabbelt <palmer@rivosinc.com>
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When the dst buffer pointer points to the last accessible aligned addr, we
could still run another iteration of unrolled copy.
Signed-off-by: Xiao Wang <xiao.w.wang@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Alexandre Ghiti <alexghiti@rivosinc.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20240313103334.4036554-1-xiao.w.wang@intel.com
Signed-off-by: Palmer Dabbelt <palmer@rivosinc.com>
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Signed-off-by: Xingyou Chen <rockrush@rockwork.org>
Reviewed-by: Randy Dunlap <rdunlap@infradead.org>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20240317055556.9449-1-rockrush@rockwork.org
Signed-off-by: Palmer Dabbelt <palmer@rivosinc.com>
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The declaration of set_cpu_online() takes a bool value. So replace
int here to make it consistent with the declaration.
Signed-off-by: Zhao Ke <ke.zhao@shingroup.cn>
Reviewed-by: Charlie Jenkins <charlie@rivosinc.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20240318065404.123668-1-ke.zhao@shingroup.cn
Signed-off-by: Palmer Dabbelt <palmer@rivosinc.com>
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