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authorsayli karnik <karniksayli1995@gmail.com>2017-03-30 02:01:16 +0530
committerJonathan Corbet <corbet@lwn.net>2017-03-29 14:50:21 -0600
commitb2e33536c010513e07e92ca914fcc11108d5eef5 (patch)
tree7c5a266e55b6a35820270279b2f763f7c2c2b49d /Documentation/core-api
parent3f816bac24f0d3c139c740f22d6c945645ca9eed (diff)
Documentation: Add flexible-arrays.rst to the documentation tree
Add flexible-arrays.rst to Documentation/core-api. Add kernel-doc comments to allow referencing. Signed-off-by: sayli karnik <karniksayli1995@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Jonathan Corbet <corbet@lwn.net>
Diffstat (limited to 'Documentation/core-api')
-rw-r--r--Documentation/core-api/flexible-arrays.rst130
-rw-r--r--Documentation/core-api/index.rst1
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diff --git a/Documentation/core-api/flexible-arrays.rst b/Documentation/core-api/flexible-arrays.rst
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+
+===================================
+Using flexible arrays in the kernel
+===================================
+
+Large contiguous memory allocations can be unreliable in the Linux kernel.
+Kernel programmers will sometimes respond to this problem by allocating
+pages with :c:func:`vmalloc()`. This solution not ideal, though. On 32-bit
+systems, memory from vmalloc() must be mapped into a relatively small address
+space; it's easy to run out. On SMP systems, the page table changes required
+by vmalloc() allocations can require expensive cross-processor interrupts on
+all CPUs. And, on all systems, use of space in the vmalloc() range increases
+pressure on the translation lookaside buffer (TLB), reducing the performance
+of the system.
+
+In many cases, the need for memory from vmalloc() can be eliminated by piecing
+together an array from smaller parts; the flexible array library exists to make
+this task easier.
+
+A flexible array holds an arbitrary (within limits) number of fixed-sized
+objects, accessed via an integer index. Sparse arrays are handled
+reasonably well. Only single-page allocations are made, so memory
+allocation failures should be relatively rare. The down sides are that the
+arrays cannot be indexed directly, individual object size cannot exceed the
+system page size, and putting data into a flexible array requires a copy
+operation. It's also worth noting that flexible arrays do no internal
+locking at all; if concurrent access to an array is possible, then the
+caller must arrange for appropriate mutual exclusion.
+
+The creation of a flexible array is done with :c:func:`flex_array_alloc()`::
+
+ #include <linux/flex_array.h>
+
+ struct flex_array *flex_array_alloc(int element_size,
+ unsigned int total,
+ gfp_t flags);
+
+The individual object size is provided by ``element_size``, while total is the
+maximum number of objects which can be stored in the array. The flags
+argument is passed directly to the internal memory allocation calls. With
+the current code, using flags to ask for high memory is likely to lead to
+notably unpleasant side effects.
+
+It is also possible to define flexible arrays at compile time with::
+
+ DEFINE_FLEX_ARRAY(name, element_size, total);
+
+This macro will result in a definition of an array with the given name; the
+element size and total will be checked for validity at compile time.
+
+Storing data into a flexible array is accomplished with a call to
+:c:func:`flex_array_put()`::
+
+ int flex_array_put(struct flex_array *array, unsigned int element_nr,
+ void *src, gfp_t flags);
+
+This call will copy the data from src into the array, in the position
+indicated by ``element_nr`` (which must be less than the maximum specified when
+the array was created). If any memory allocations must be performed, flags
+will be used. The return value is zero on success, a negative error code
+otherwise.
+
+There might possibly be a need to store data into a flexible array while
+running in some sort of atomic context; in this situation, sleeping in the
+memory allocator would be a bad thing. That can be avoided by using
+``GFP_ATOMIC`` for the flags value, but, often, there is a better way. The
+trick is to ensure that any needed memory allocations are done before
+entering atomic context, using :c:func:`flex_array_prealloc()`::
+
+ int flex_array_prealloc(struct flex_array *array, unsigned int start,
+ unsigned int nr_elements, gfp_t flags);
+
+This function will ensure that memory for the elements indexed in the range
+defined by ``start`` and ``nr_elements`` has been allocated. Thereafter, a
+``flex_array_put()`` call on an element in that range is guaranteed not to
+block.
+
+Getting data back out of the array is done with :c:func:`flex_array_get()`::
+
+ void *flex_array_get(struct flex_array *fa, unsigned int element_nr);
+
+The return value is a pointer to the data element, or NULL if that
+particular element has never been allocated.
+
+Note that it is possible to get back a valid pointer for an element which
+has never been stored in the array. Memory for array elements is allocated
+one page at a time; a single allocation could provide memory for several
+adjacent elements. Flexible array elements are normally initialized to the
+value ``FLEX_ARRAY_FREE`` (defined as 0x6c in <linux/poison.h>), so errors
+involving that number probably result from use of unstored array entries.
+Note that, if array elements are allocated with ``__GFP_ZERO``, they will be
+initialized to zero and this poisoning will not happen.
+
+Individual elements in the array can be cleared with
+:c:func:`flex_array_clear()`::
+
+ int flex_array_clear(struct flex_array *array, unsigned int element_nr);
+
+This function will set the given element to ``FLEX_ARRAY_FREE`` and return
+zero. If storage for the indicated element is not allocated for the array,
+``flex_array_clear()`` will return ``-EINVAL`` instead. Note that clearing an
+element does not release the storage associated with it; to reduce the
+allocated size of an array, call :c:func:`flex_array_shrink()`::
+
+ int flex_array_shrink(struct flex_array *array);
+
+The return value will be the number of pages of memory actually freed.
+This function works by scanning the array for pages containing nothing but
+``FLEX_ARRAY_FREE`` bytes, so (1) it can be expensive, and (2) it will not work
+if the array's pages are allocated with ``__GFP_ZERO``.
+
+It is possible to remove all elements of an array with a call to
+:c:func:`flex_array_free_parts()`::
+
+ void flex_array_free_parts(struct flex_array *array);
+
+This call frees all elements, but leaves the array itself in place.
+Freeing the entire array is done with :c:func:`flex_array_free()`::
+
+ void flex_array_free(struct flex_array *array);
+
+As of this writing, there are no users of flexible arrays in the mainline
+kernel. The functions described here are also not exported to modules;
+that will probably be fixed when somebody comes up with a need for it.
+
+
+Flexible array functions
+------------------------
+
+.. kernel-doc:: include/linux/flex_array.h
diff --git a/Documentation/core-api/index.rst b/Documentation/core-api/index.rst
index 0d93d8089136..2b908ac41021 100644
--- a/Documentation/core-api/index.rst
+++ b/Documentation/core-api/index.rst
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ Core utilities
cpu_hotplug
local_ops
workqueue
+ flexible-arrays
Interfaces for kernel debugging
===============================