fscrypt: allow unprivileged users to add/remove keys for v2 policies

Allow the FS_IOC_ADD_ENCRYPTION_KEY and FS_IOC_REMOVE_ENCRYPTION_KEY
ioctls to be used by non-root users to add and remove encryption keys
from the filesystem-level crypto keyrings, subject to limitations.

Motivation: while privileged fscrypt key management is sufficient for
some users (e.g. Android and Chromium OS, where a privileged process
manages all keys), the old API by design also allows non-root users to
set up and use encrypted directories, and we don't want to regress on
that.  Especially, we don't want to force users to continue using the
old API, running into the visibility mismatch between files and keyrings
and being unable to "lock" encrypted directories.

Intuitively, the ioctls have to be privileged since they manipulate
filesystem-level state.  However, it's actually safe to make them
unprivileged if we very carefully enforce some specific limitations.

First, each key must be identified by a cryptographic hash so that a
user can't add the wrong key for another user's files.  For v2
encryption policies, we use the key_identifier for this.  v1 policies
don't have this, so managing keys for them remains privileged.

Second, each key a user adds is charged to their quota for the keyrings
service.  Thus, a user can't exhaust memory by adding a huge number of
keys.  By default each non-root user is allowed up to 200 keys; this can
be changed using the existing sysctl 'kernel.keys.maxkeys'.

Third, if multiple users add the same key, we keep track of those users
of the key (of which there remains a single copy), and won't really
remove the key, i.e. "lock" the encrypted files, until all those users
have removed it.  This prevents denial of service attacks that would be
possible under simpler schemes, such allowing the first user who added a
key to remove it -- since that could be a malicious user who has
compromised the key.  Of course, encryption keys should be kept secret,
but the idea is that using encryption should never be *less* secure than
not using encryption, even if your key was compromised.

We tolerate that a user will be unable to really remove a key, i.e.
unable to "lock" their encrypted files, if another user has added the
same key.  But in a sense, this is actually a good thing because it will
avoid providing a false notion of security where a key appears to have
been removed when actually it's still in memory, available to any
attacker who compromises the operating system kernel.

Reviewed-by: Theodore Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu>
Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com>

1 files changed, 299 insertions, 21 deletions

diff --git a/fs/crypto/keyring.c b/fs/crypto/keyring.c
index fca3bdf01e7c..c654effb83f5 100644
--- a/fs/crypto/keyring.c
+++ b/fs/crypto/keyring.c
@@ -45,6 +45,7 @@ static void free_master_key(struct fscrypt_master_key *mk)
 	for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(mk->mk_mode_keys); i++)
 		crypto_free_skcipher(mk->mk_mode_keys[i]);
 
+	key_put(mk->mk_users);
 	kzfree(mk);
 }
 
@@ -93,7 +94,39 @@ static struct key_type key_type_fscrypt = {
 	.describe		= fscrypt_key_describe,
 };
 
-/* Search ->s_master_keys */
+static int fscrypt_user_key_instantiate(struct key *key,
+					struct key_preparsed_payload *prep)
+{
+	/*
+	 * We just charge FSCRYPT_MAX_KEY_SIZE bytes to the user's key quota for
+	 * each key, regardless of the exact key size.  The amount of memory
+	 * actually used is greater than the size of the raw key anyway.
+	 */
+	return key_payload_reserve(key, FSCRYPT_MAX_KEY_SIZE);
+}
+
+static void fscrypt_user_key_describe(const struct key *key, struct seq_file *m)
+{
+	seq_puts(m, key->description);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Type of key in ->mk_users.  Each key of this type represents a particular
+ * user who has added a particular master key.
+ *
+ * Note that the name of this key type really should be something like
+ * ".fscrypt-user" instead of simply ".fscrypt".  But the shorter name is chosen
+ * mainly for simplicity of presentation in /proc/keys when read by a non-root
+ * user.  And it is expected to be rare that a key is actually added by multiple
+ * users, since users should keep their encryption keys confidential.
+ */
+static struct key_type key_type_fscrypt_user = {
+	.name			= ".fscrypt",
+	.instantiate		= fscrypt_user_key_instantiate,
+	.describe		= fscrypt_user_key_describe,
+};
+
+/* Search ->s_master_keys or ->mk_users */
 static struct key *search_fscrypt_keyring(struct key *keyring,
 					  struct key_type *type,
 					  const char *description)
@@ -119,6 +152,13 @@ static struct key *search_fscrypt_keyring(struct key *keyring,
 
 #define FSCRYPT_MK_DESCRIPTION_SIZE	(2 * FSCRYPT_KEY_IDENTIFIER_SIZE + 1)
 
+#define FSCRYPT_MK_USERS_DESCRIPTION_SIZE	\
+	(CONST_STRLEN("fscrypt-") + 2 * FSCRYPT_KEY_IDENTIFIER_SIZE + \
+	 CONST_STRLEN("-users") + 1)
+
+#define FSCRYPT_MK_USER_DESCRIPTION_SIZE	\
+	(2 * FSCRYPT_KEY_IDENTIFIER_SIZE + CONST_STRLEN(".uid.") + 10 + 1)
+
 static void format_fs_keyring_description(
 			char description[FSCRYPT_FS_KEYRING_DESCRIPTION_SIZE],
 			const struct super_block *sb)
@@ -134,6 +174,23 @@ static void format_mk_description(
 		master_key_spec_len(mk_spec), (u8 *)&mk_spec->u);
 }
 
+static void format_mk_users_keyring_description(
+			char description[FSCRYPT_MK_USERS_DESCRIPTION_SIZE],
+			const u8 mk_identifier[FSCRYPT_KEY_IDENTIFIER_SIZE])
+{
+	sprintf(description, "fscrypt-%*phN-users",
+		FSCRYPT_KEY_IDENTIFIER_SIZE, mk_identifier);
+}
+
+static void format_mk_user_description(
+			char description[FSCRYPT_MK_USER_DESCRIPTION_SIZE],
+			const u8 mk_identifier[FSCRYPT_KEY_IDENTIFIER_SIZE])
+{
+
+	sprintf(description, "%*phN.uid.%u", FSCRYPT_KEY_IDENTIFIER_SIZE,
+		mk_identifier, __kuid_val(current_fsuid()));
+}
+
 /* Create ->s_master_keys if needed.  Synchronized by fscrypt_add_key_mutex. */
 static int allocate_filesystem_keyring(struct super_block *sb)
 {
@@ -181,6 +238,80 @@ struct key *fscrypt_find_master_key(struct super_block *sb,
 	return search_fscrypt_keyring(keyring, &key_type_fscrypt, description);
 }
 
+static int allocate_master_key_users_keyring(struct fscrypt_master_key *mk)
+{
+	char description[FSCRYPT_MK_USERS_DESCRIPTION_SIZE];
+	struct key *keyring;
+
+	format_mk_users_keyring_description(description,
+					    mk->mk_spec.u.identifier);
+	keyring = keyring_alloc(description, GLOBAL_ROOT_UID, GLOBAL_ROOT_GID,
+				current_cred(), KEY_POS_SEARCH |
+				  KEY_USR_SEARCH | KEY_USR_READ | KEY_USR_VIEW,
+				KEY_ALLOC_NOT_IN_QUOTA, NULL, NULL);
+	if (IS_ERR(keyring))
+		return PTR_ERR(keyring);
+
+	mk->mk_users = keyring;
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Find the current user's "key" in the master key's ->mk_users.
+ * Returns ERR_PTR(-ENOKEY) if not found.
+ */
+static struct key *find_master_key_user(struct fscrypt_master_key *mk)
+{
+	char description[FSCRYPT_MK_USER_DESCRIPTION_SIZE];
+
+	format_mk_user_description(description, mk->mk_spec.u.identifier);
+	return search_fscrypt_keyring(mk->mk_users, &key_type_fscrypt_user,
+				      description);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Give the current user a "key" in ->mk_users.  This charges the user's quota
+ * and marks the master key as added by the current user, so that it cannot be
+ * removed by another user with the key.  Either the master key's key->sem must
+ * be held for write, or the master key must be still undergoing initialization.
+ */
+static int add_master_key_user(struct fscrypt_master_key *mk)
+{
+	char description[FSCRYPT_MK_USER_DESCRIPTION_SIZE];
+	struct key *mk_user;
+	int err;
+
+	format_mk_user_description(description, mk->mk_spec.u.identifier);
+	mk_user = key_alloc(&key_type_fscrypt_user, description,
+			    current_fsuid(), current_gid(), current_cred(),
+			    KEY_POS_SEARCH | KEY_USR_VIEW, 0, NULL);
+	if (IS_ERR(mk_user))
+		return PTR_ERR(mk_user);
+
+	err = key_instantiate_and_link(mk_user, NULL, 0, mk->mk_users, NULL);
+	key_put(mk_user);
+	return err;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Remove the current user's "key" from ->mk_users.
+ * The master key's key->sem must be held for write.
+ *
+ * Returns 0 if removed, -ENOKEY if not found, or another -errno code.
+ */
+static int remove_master_key_user(struct fscrypt_master_key *mk)
+{
+	struct key *mk_user;
+	int err;
+
+	mk_user = find_master_key_user(mk);
+	if (IS_ERR(mk_user))
+		return PTR_ERR(mk_user);
+	err = key_unlink(mk->mk_users, mk_user);
+	key_put(mk_user);
+	return err;
+}
+
 /*
  * Allocate a new fscrypt_master_key which contains the given secret, set it as
  * the payload of a new 'struct key' of type fscrypt, and link the 'struct key'
@@ -202,11 +333,26 @@ static int add_new_master_key(struct fscrypt_master_key_secret *secret,
 	mk->mk_spec = *mk_spec;
 
 	move_master_key_secret(&mk->mk_secret, secret);
+	init_rwsem(&mk->mk_secret_sem);
 
 	refcount_set(&mk->mk_refcount, 1); /* secret is present */
 	INIT_LIST_HEAD(&mk->mk_decrypted_inodes);
 	spin_lock_init(&mk->mk_decrypted_inodes_lock);
 
+	if (mk_spec->type == FSCRYPT_KEY_SPEC_TYPE_IDENTIFIER) {
+		err = allocate_master_key_users_keyring(mk);
+		if (err)
+			goto out_free_mk;
+		err = add_master_key_user(mk);
+		if (err)
+			goto out_free_mk;
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * Note that we don't charge this key to anyone's quota, since when
+	 * ->mk_users is in use those keys are charged instead, and otherwise
+	 * (when ->mk_users isn't in use) only root can add these keys.
+	 */
 	format_mk_description(description, mk_spec);
 	key = key_alloc(&key_type_fscrypt, description,
 			GLOBAL_ROOT_UID, GLOBAL_ROOT_GID, current_cred(),
@@ -233,13 +379,45 @@ out_free_mk:
 static int add_existing_master_key(struct fscrypt_master_key *mk,
 				   struct fscrypt_master_key_secret *secret)
 {
-	if (is_master_key_secret_present(&mk->mk_secret))
-		return 0;
+	struct key *mk_user;
+	bool rekey;
+	int err;
 
-	if (!refcount_inc_not_zero(&mk->mk_refcount))
+	/*
+	 * If the current user is already in ->mk_users, then there's nothing to
+	 * do.  (Not applicable for v1 policy keys, which have NULL ->mk_users.)
+	 */
+	if (mk->mk_users) {
+		mk_user = find_master_key_user(mk);
+		if (mk_user != ERR_PTR(-ENOKEY)) {
+			if (IS_ERR(mk_user))
+				return PTR_ERR(mk_user);
+			key_put(mk_user);
+			return 0;
+		}
+	}
+
+	/* If we'll be re-adding ->mk_secret, try to take the reference. */
+	rekey = !is_master_key_secret_present(&mk->mk_secret);
+	if (rekey && !refcount_inc_not_zero(&mk->mk_refcount))
 		return KEY_DEAD;
 
-	move_master_key_secret(&mk->mk_secret, secret);
+	/* Add the current user to ->mk_users, if applicable. */
+	if (mk->mk_users) {
+		err = add_master_key_user(mk);
+		if (err) {
+			if (rekey && refcount_dec_and_test(&mk->mk_refcount))
+				return KEY_DEAD;
+			return err;
+		}
+	}
+
+	/* Re-add the secret if needed. */
+	if (rekey) {
+		down_write(&mk->mk_secret_sem);
+		move_master_key_secret(&mk->mk_secret, secret);
+		up_write(&mk->mk_secret_sem);
+	}
 	return 0;
 }
 
@@ -266,7 +444,7 @@ retry:
 	} else {
 		/*
 		 * Found the key in ->s_master_keys.  Re-add the secret if
-		 * needed.
+		 * needed, and add the user to ->mk_users if needed.
 		 */
 		down_write(&key->sem);
 		err = add_existing_master_key(key->payload.data[0], secret);
@@ -288,6 +466,23 @@ out_unlock:
  * Add a master encryption key to the filesystem, causing all files which were
  * encrypted with it to appear "unlocked" (decrypted) when accessed.
  *
+ * When adding a key for use by v1 encryption policies, this ioctl is
+ * privileged, and userspace must provide the 'key_descriptor'.
+ *
+ * When adding a key for use by v2+ encryption policies, this ioctl is
+ * unprivileged.  This is needed, in general, to allow non-root users to use
+ * encryption without encountering the visibility problems of process-subscribed
+ * keyrings and the inability to properly remove keys.  This works by having
+ * each key identified by its cryptographically secure hash --- the
+ * 'key_identifier'.  The cryptographic hash ensures that a malicious user
+ * cannot add the wrong key for a given identifier.  Furthermore, each added key
+ * is charged to the appropriate user's quota for the keyrings service, which
+ * prevents a malicious user from adding too many keys.  Finally, we forbid a
+ * user from removing a key while other users have added it too, which prevents
+ * a user who knows another user's key from causing a denial-of-service by
+ * removing it at an inopportune time.  (We tolerate that a user who knows a key
+ * can prevent other users from removing it.)
+ *
  * For more details, see the "FS_IOC_ADD_ENCRYPTION_KEY" section of
  * Documentation/filesystems/fscrypt.rst.
  */
@@ -318,11 +513,18 @@ int fscrypt_ioctl_add_key(struct file *filp, void __user *_uarg)
 	if (copy_from_user(secret.raw, uarg->raw, secret.size))
 		goto out_wipe_secret;
 
-	err = -EACCES;
-	if (!capable(CAP_SYS_ADMIN))
-		goto out_wipe_secret;
-
-	if (arg.key_spec.type == FSCRYPT_KEY_SPEC_TYPE_IDENTIFIER) {
+	switch (arg.key_spec.type) {
+	case FSCRYPT_KEY_SPEC_TYPE_DESCRIPTOR:
+		/*
+		 * Only root can add keys that are identified by an arbitrary
+		 * descriptor rather than by a cryptographic hash --- since
+		 * otherwise a malicious user could add the wrong key.
+		 */
+		err = -EACCES;
+		if (!capable(CAP_SYS_ADMIN))
+			goto out_wipe_secret;
+		break;
+	case FSCRYPT_KEY_SPEC_TYPE_IDENTIFIER:
 		err = fscrypt_init_hkdf(&secret.hkdf, secret.raw, secret.size);
 		if (err)
 			goto out_wipe_secret;
@@ -345,6 +547,11 @@ int fscrypt_ioctl_add_key(struct file *filp, void __user *_uarg)
 				 arg.key_spec.u.identifier,
 				 FSCRYPT_KEY_IDENTIFIER_SIZE))
 			goto out_wipe_secret;
+		break;
+	default:
+		WARN_ON(1);
+		err = -EINVAL;
+		goto out_wipe_secret;
 	}
 
 	err = add_master_key(sb, &secret, &arg.key_spec);
@@ -492,9 +699,12 @@ static int try_to_lock_encrypted_files(struct super_block *sb,
 /*
  * Try to remove an fscrypt master encryption key.
  *
- * First we wipe the actual master key secret, so that no more inodes can be
- * unlocked with it.  Then we try to evict all cached inodes that had been
- * unlocked with the key.
+ * This removes the current user's claim to the key, then removes the key itself
+ * if no other users have claims.
+ *
+ * To "remove the key itself", first we wipe the actual master key secret, so
+ * that no more inodes can be unlocked with it.  Then we try to evict all cached
+ * inodes that had been unlocked with the key.
  *
  * If all inodes were evicted, then we unlink the fscrypt_master_key from the
  * keyring.  Otherwise it remains in the keyring in the "incompletely removed"
@@ -525,7 +735,12 @@ int fscrypt_ioctl_remove_key(struct file *filp, void __user *_uarg)
 	if (memchr_inv(arg.__reserved, 0, sizeof(arg.__reserved)))
 		return -EINVAL;
 
-	if (!capable(CAP_SYS_ADMIN))
+	/*
+	 * Only root can add and remove keys that are identified by an arbitrary
+	 * descriptor rather than by a cryptographic hash.
+	 */
+	if (arg.key_spec.type == FSCRYPT_KEY_SPEC_TYPE_DESCRIPTOR &&
+	    !capable(CAP_SYS_ADMIN))
 		return -EACCES;
 
 	/* Find the key being removed. */
@@ -536,11 +751,34 @@ int fscrypt_ioctl_remove_key(struct file *filp, void __user *_uarg)
 
 	down_write(&key->sem);
 
-	/* Wipe the secret. */
+	/* If relevant, remove current user's claim to the key */
+	if (mk->mk_users && mk->mk_users->keys.nr_leaves_on_tree != 0) {
+		err = remove_master_key_user(mk);
+		if (err) {
+			up_write(&key->sem);
+			goto out_put_key;
+		}
+		if (mk->mk_users->keys.nr_leaves_on_tree != 0) {
+			/*
+			 * Other users have still added the key too.  We removed
+			 * the current user's claim to the key, but we still
+			 * can't remove the key itself.
+			 */
+			status_flags |=
+				FSCRYPT_KEY_REMOVAL_STATUS_FLAG_OTHER_USERS;
+			err = 0;
+			up_write(&key->sem);
+			goto out_put_key;
+		}
+	}
+
+	/* No user claims remaining.  Go ahead and wipe the secret. */
 	dead = false;
 	if (is_master_key_secret_present(&mk->mk_secret)) {
+		down_write(&mk->mk_secret_sem);
 		wipe_master_key_secret(&mk->mk_secret);
 		dead = refcount_dec_and_test(&mk->mk_refcount);
+		up_write(&mk->mk_secret_sem);
 	}
 	up_write(&key->sem);
 	if (dead) {
@@ -560,11 +798,12 @@ int fscrypt_ioctl_remove_key(struct file *filp, void __user *_uarg)
 		}
 	}
 	/*
-	 * We return 0 if we successfully did something: wiped the secret, or
-	 * tried locking the files again.  Users need to check the informational
-	 * status flags if they care whether the key has been fully removed
-	 * including all files locked.
+	 * We return 0 if we successfully did something: removed a claim to the
+	 * key, wiped the secret, or tried locking the files again.  Users need
+	 * to check the informational status flags if they care whether the key
+	 * has been fully removed including all files locked.
 	 */
+out_put_key:
 	key_put(key);
 	if (err == 0)
 		err = put_user(status_flags, &uarg->removal_status_flags);
@@ -583,6 +822,15 @@ EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(fscrypt_ioctl_remove_key);
  * regular file in it (which can confuse the "incompletely removed" state with
  * absent or present).
  *
+ * In addition, for v2 policy keys we allow applications to determine, via
+ * ->status_flags and ->user_count, whether the key has been added by the
+ * current user, by other users, or by both.  Most applications should not need
+ * this, since ordinarily only one user should know a given key.  However, if a
+ * secret key is shared by multiple users, applications may wish to add an
+ * already-present key to prevent other users from removing it.  This ioctl can
+ * be used to check whether that really is the case before the work is done to
+ * add the key --- which might e.g. require prompting the user for a passphrase.
+ *
  * For more details, see the "FS_IOC_GET_ENCRYPTION_KEY_STATUS" section of
  * Documentation/filesystems/fscrypt.rst.
  */
@@ -603,6 +851,8 @@ int fscrypt_ioctl_get_key_status(struct file *filp, void __user *uarg)
 	if (memchr_inv(arg.__reserved, 0, sizeof(arg.__reserved)))
 		return -EINVAL;
 
+	arg.status_flags = 0;
+	arg.user_count = 0;
 	memset(arg.__out_reserved, 0, sizeof(arg.__out_reserved));
 
 	key = fscrypt_find_master_key(sb, &arg.key_spec);
@@ -623,6 +873,20 @@ int fscrypt_ioctl_get_key_status(struct file *filp, void __user *uarg)
 	}
 
 	arg.status = FSCRYPT_KEY_STATUS_PRESENT;
+	if (mk->mk_users) {
+		struct key *mk_user;
+
+		arg.user_count = mk->mk_users->keys.nr_leaves_on_tree;
+		mk_user = find_master_key_user(mk);
+		if (!IS_ERR(mk_user)) {
+			arg.status_flags |=
+				FSCRYPT_KEY_STATUS_FLAG_ADDED_BY_SELF;
+			key_put(mk_user);
+		} else if (mk_user != ERR_PTR(-ENOKEY)) {
+			err = PTR_ERR(mk_user);
+			goto out_release_key;
+		}
+	}
 	err = 0;
 out_release_key:
 	up_read(&key->sem);
@@ -636,5 +900,19 @@ EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(fscrypt_ioctl_get_key_status);
 
 int __init fscrypt_init_keyring(void)
 {
-	return register_key_type(&key_type_fscrypt);
+	int err;
+
+	err = register_key_type(&key_type_fscrypt);
+	if (err)
+		return err;
+
+	err = register_key_type(&key_type_fscrypt_user);
+	if (err)
+		goto err_unregister_fscrypt;
+
+	return 0;
+
+err_unregister_fscrypt:
+	unregister_key_type(&key_type_fscrypt);
+	return err;
 }