printk: add lockless ringbuffer

Introduce a multi-reader multi-writer lockless ringbuffer for storing
the kernel log messages. Readers and writers may use their API from
any context (including scheduler and NMI). This ringbuffer will make
it possible to decouple printk() callers from any context, locking,
or console constraints. It also makes it possible for readers to have
full access to the ringbuffer contents at any time and context (for
example from any panic situation).

The printk_ringbuffer is made up of 3 internal ringbuffers:

desc_ring:
A ring of descriptors. A descriptor contains all record meta data
(sequence number, timestamp, loglevel, etc.) as well as internal state
information about the record and logical positions specifying where in
the other ringbuffers the text and dictionary strings are located.

text_data_ring:
A ring of data blocks. A data block consists of an unsigned long
integer (ID) that maps to a desc_ring index followed by the text
string of the record.

dict_data_ring:
A ring of data blocks. A data block consists of an unsigned long
integer (ID) that maps to a desc_ring index followed by the dictionary
string of the record.

The internal state information of a descriptor is the key element to
allow readers and writers to locklessly synchronize access to the data.

Co-developed-by: Petr Mladek <pmladek@suse.com>
Signed-off-by: John Ogness <john.ogness@linutronix.de>
Reviewed-by: Petr Mladek <pmladek@suse.com>
Reviewed-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Petr Mladek <pmladek@suse.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20200709132344.760-3-john.ogness@linutronix.de

1 files changed, 1687 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/kernel/printk/printk_ringbuffer.c b/kernel/printk/printk_ringbuffer.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..7355ca99e852
--- /dev/null
+++ b/kernel/printk/printk_ringbuffer.c
@@ -0,0 +1,1687 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
+
+#include <linux/kernel.h>
+#include <linux/irqflags.h>
+#include <linux/string.h>
+#include <linux/errno.h>
+#include <linux/bug.h>
+#include "printk_ringbuffer.h"
+
+/**
+ * DOC: printk_ringbuffer overview
+ *
+ * Data Structure
+ * --------------
+ * The printk_ringbuffer is made up of 3 internal ringbuffers:
+ *
+ *   desc_ring
+ *     A ring of descriptors. A descriptor contains all record meta data
+ *     (sequence number, timestamp, loglevel, etc.) as well as internal state
+ *     information about the record and logical positions specifying where in
+ *     the other ringbuffers the text and dictionary strings are located.
+ *
+ *   text_data_ring
+ *     A ring of data blocks. A data block consists of an unsigned long
+ *     integer (ID) that maps to a desc_ring index followed by the text
+ *     string of the record.
+ *
+ *   dict_data_ring
+ *     A ring of data blocks. A data block consists of an unsigned long
+ *     integer (ID) that maps to a desc_ring index followed by the dictionary
+ *     string of the record.
+ *
+ * The internal state information of a descriptor is the key element to allow
+ * readers and writers to locklessly synchronize access to the data.
+ *
+ * Implementation
+ * --------------
+ *
+ * Descriptor Ring
+ * ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+ * The descriptor ring is an array of descriptors. A descriptor contains all
+ * the meta data of a printk record as well as blk_lpos structs pointing to
+ * associated text and dictionary data blocks (see "Data Rings" below). Each
+ * descriptor is assigned an ID that maps directly to index values of the
+ * descriptor array and has a state. The ID and the state are bitwise combined
+ * into a single descriptor field named @state_var, allowing ID and state to
+ * be synchronously and atomically updated.
+ *
+ * Descriptors have three states:
+ *
+ *   reserved
+ *     A writer is modifying the record.
+ *
+ *   committed
+ *     The record and all its data are complete and available for reading.
+ *
+ *   reusable
+ *     The record exists, but its text and/or dictionary data may no longer
+ *     be available.
+ *
+ * Querying the @state_var of a record requires providing the ID of the
+ * descriptor to query. This can yield a possible fourth (pseudo) state:
+ *
+ *   miss
+ *     The descriptor being queried has an unexpected ID.
+ *
+ * The descriptor ring has a @tail_id that contains the ID of the oldest
+ * descriptor and @head_id that contains the ID of the newest descriptor.
+ *
+ * When a new descriptor should be created (and the ring is full), the tail
+ * descriptor is invalidated by first transitioning to the reusable state and
+ * then invalidating all tail data blocks up to and including the data blocks
+ * associated with the tail descriptor (for text and dictionary rings). Then
+ * @tail_id is advanced, followed by advancing @head_id. And finally the
+ * @state_var of the new descriptor is initialized to the new ID and reserved
+ * state.
+ *
+ * The @tail_id can only be advanced if the new @tail_id would be in the
+ * committed or reusable queried state. This makes it possible that a valid
+ * sequence number of the tail is always available.
+ *
+ * Data Rings
+ * ~~~~~~~~~~
+ * The two data rings (text and dictionary) function identically. They exist
+ * separately so that their buffer sizes can be individually set and they do
+ * not affect one another.
+ *
+ * Data rings are byte arrays composed of data blocks. Data blocks are
+ * referenced by blk_lpos structs that point to the logical position of the
+ * beginning of a data block and the beginning of the next adjacent data
+ * block. Logical positions are mapped directly to index values of the byte
+ * array ringbuffer.
+ *
+ * Each data block consists of an ID followed by the writer data. The ID is
+ * the identifier of a descriptor that is associated with the data block. A
+ * given data block is considered valid if all of the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ *
+ *   1) The descriptor associated with the data block is in the committed
+ *      queried state.
+ *
+ *   2) The blk_lpos struct within the descriptor associated with the data
+ *      block references back to the same data block.
+ *
+ *   3) The data block is within the head/tail logical position range.
+ *
+ * If the writer data of a data block would extend beyond the end of the
+ * byte array, only the ID of the data block is stored at the logical
+ * position and the full data block (ID and writer data) is stored at the
+ * beginning of the byte array. The referencing blk_lpos will point to the
+ * ID before the wrap and the next data block will be at the logical
+ * position adjacent the full data block after the wrap.
+ *
+ * Data rings have a @tail_lpos that points to the beginning of the oldest
+ * data block and a @head_lpos that points to the logical position of the
+ * next (not yet existing) data block.
+ *
+ * When a new data block should be created (and the ring is full), tail data
+ * blocks will first be invalidated by putting their associated descriptors
+ * into the reusable state and then pushing the @tail_lpos forward beyond
+ * them. Then the @head_lpos is pushed forward and is associated with a new
+ * descriptor. If a data block is not valid, the @tail_lpos cannot be
+ * advanced beyond it.
+ *
+ * Usage
+ * -----
+ * Here are some simple examples demonstrating writers and readers. For the
+ * examples a global ringbuffer (test_rb) is available (which is not the
+ * actual ringbuffer used by printk)::
+ *
+ *	DEFINE_PRINTKRB(test_rb, 15, 5, 3);
+ *
+ * This ringbuffer allows up to 32768 records (2 ^ 15) and has a size of
+ * 1 MiB (2 ^ (15 + 5)) for text data and 256 KiB (2 ^ (15 + 3)) for
+ * dictionary data.
+ *
+ * Sample writer code::
+ *
+ *	const char *dictstr = "dictionary text";
+ *	const char *textstr = "message text";
+ *	struct prb_reserved_entry e;
+ *	struct printk_record r;
+ *
+ *	// specify how much to allocate
+ *	prb_rec_init_wr(&r, strlen(textstr) + 1, strlen(dictstr) + 1);
+ *
+ *	if (prb_reserve(&e, &test_rb, &r)) {
+ *		snprintf(r.text_buf, r.text_buf_size, "%s", textstr);
+ *
+ *		// dictionary allocation may have failed
+ *		if (r.dict_buf)
+ *			snprintf(r.dict_buf, r.dict_buf_size, "%s", dictstr);
+ *
+ *		r.info->ts_nsec = local_clock();
+ *
+ *		prb_commit(&e);
+ *	}
+ *
+ * Sample reader code::
+ *
+ *	struct printk_info info;
+ *	struct printk_record r;
+ *	char text_buf[32];
+ *	char dict_buf[32];
+ *	u64 seq;
+ *
+ *	prb_rec_init_rd(&r, &info, &text_buf[0], sizeof(text_buf),
+ *			&dict_buf[0], sizeof(dict_buf));
+ *
+ *	prb_for_each_record(0, &test_rb, &seq, &r) {
+ *		if (info.seq != seq)
+ *			pr_warn("lost %llu records\n", info.seq - seq);
+ *
+ *		if (info.text_len > r.text_buf_size) {
+ *			pr_warn("record %llu text truncated\n", info.seq);
+ *			text_buf[r.text_buf_size - 1] = 0;
+ *		}
+ *
+ *		if (info.dict_len > r.dict_buf_size) {
+ *			pr_warn("record %llu dict truncated\n", info.seq);
+ *			dict_buf[r.dict_buf_size - 1] = 0;
+ *		}
+ *
+ *		pr_info("%llu: %llu: %s;%s\n", info.seq, info.ts_nsec,
+ *			&text_buf[0], info.dict_len ? &dict_buf[0] : "");
+ *	}
+ *
+ * Note that additional less convenient reader functions are available to
+ * allow complex record access.
+ *
+ * ABA Issues
+ * ~~~~~~~~~~
+ * To help avoid ABA issues, descriptors are referenced by IDs (array index
+ * values combined with tagged bits counting array wraps) and data blocks are
+ * referenced by logical positions (array index values combined with tagged
+ * bits counting array wraps). However, on 32-bit systems the number of
+ * tagged bits is relatively small such that an ABA incident is (at least
+ * theoretically) possible. For example, if 4 million maximally sized (1KiB)
+ * printk messages were to occur in NMI context on a 32-bit system, the
+ * interrupted context would not be able to recognize that the 32-bit integer
+ * completely wrapped and thus represents a different data block than the one
+ * the interrupted context expects.
+ *
+ * To help combat this possibility, additional state checking is performed
+ * (such as using cmpxchg() even though set() would suffice). These extra
+ * checks are commented as such and will hopefully catch any ABA issue that
+ * a 32-bit system might experience.
+ *
+ * Memory Barriers
+ * ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+ * Multiple memory barriers are used. To simplify proving correctness and
+ * generating litmus tests, lines of code related to memory barriers
+ * (loads, stores, and the associated memory barriers) are labeled::
+ *
+ *	LMM(function:letter)
+ *
+ * Comments reference the labels using only the "function:letter" part.
+ *
+ * The memory barrier pairs and their ordering are:
+ *
+ *   desc_reserve:D / desc_reserve:B
+ *     push descriptor tail (id), then push descriptor head (id)
+ *
+ *   desc_reserve:D / data_push_tail:B
+ *     push data tail (lpos), then set new descriptor reserved (state)
+ *
+ *   desc_reserve:D / desc_push_tail:C
+ *     push descriptor tail (id), then set new descriptor reserved (state)
+ *
+ *   desc_reserve:D / prb_first_seq:C
+ *     push descriptor tail (id), then set new descriptor reserved (state)
+ *
+ *   desc_reserve:F / desc_read:D
+ *     set new descriptor id and reserved (state), then allow writer changes
+ *
+ *   data_alloc:A / desc_read:D
+ *     set old descriptor reusable (state), then modify new data block area
+ *
+ *   data_alloc:A / data_push_tail:B
+ *     push data tail (lpos), then modify new data block area
+ *
+ *   prb_commit:B / desc_read:B
+ *     store writer changes, then set new descriptor committed (state)
+ *
+ *   data_push_tail:D / data_push_tail:A
+ *     set descriptor reusable (state), then push data tail (lpos)
+ *
+ *   desc_push_tail:B / desc_reserve:D
+ *     set descriptor reusable (state), then push descriptor tail (id)
+ */
+
+#define DATA_SIZE(data_ring)		_DATA_SIZE((data_ring)->size_bits)
+#define DATA_SIZE_MASK(data_ring)	(DATA_SIZE(data_ring) - 1)
+
+#define DESCS_COUNT(desc_ring)		_DESCS_COUNT((desc_ring)->count_bits)
+#define DESCS_COUNT_MASK(desc_ring)	(DESCS_COUNT(desc_ring) - 1)
+
+/* Determine the data array index from a logical position. */
+#define DATA_INDEX(data_ring, lpos)	((lpos) & DATA_SIZE_MASK(data_ring))
+
+/* Determine the desc array index from an ID or sequence number. */
+#define DESC_INDEX(desc_ring, n)	((n) & DESCS_COUNT_MASK(desc_ring))
+
+/* Determine how many times the data array has wrapped. */
+#define DATA_WRAPS(data_ring, lpos)	((lpos) >> (data_ring)->size_bits)
+
+/* Get the logical position at index 0 of the current wrap. */
+#define DATA_THIS_WRAP_START_LPOS(data_ring, lpos) \
+((lpos) & ~DATA_SIZE_MASK(data_ring))
+
+/* Get the ID for the same index of the previous wrap as the given ID. */
+#define DESC_ID_PREV_WRAP(desc_ring, id) \
+DESC_ID((id) - DESCS_COUNT(desc_ring))
+
+/*
+ * A data block: mapped directly to the beginning of the data block area
+ * specified as a logical position within the data ring.
+ *
+ * @id:   the ID of the associated descriptor
+ * @data: the writer data
+ *
+ * Note that the size of a data block is only known by its associated
+ * descriptor.
+ */
+struct prb_data_block {
+	unsigned long	id;
+	char		data[0];
+};
+
+/*
+ * Return the descriptor associated with @n. @n can be either a
+ * descriptor ID or a sequence number.
+ */
+static struct prb_desc *to_desc(struct prb_desc_ring *desc_ring, u64 n)
+{
+	return &desc_ring->descs[DESC_INDEX(desc_ring, n)];
+}
+
+static struct prb_data_block *to_block(struct prb_data_ring *data_ring,
+				       unsigned long begin_lpos)
+{
+	return (void *)&data_ring->data[DATA_INDEX(data_ring, begin_lpos)];
+}
+
+/*
+ * Increase the data size to account for data block meta data plus any
+ * padding so that the adjacent data block is aligned on the ID size.
+ */
+static unsigned int to_blk_size(unsigned int size)
+{
+	struct prb_data_block *db = NULL;
+
+	size += sizeof(*db);
+	size = ALIGN(size, sizeof(db->id));
+	return size;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Sanity checker for reserve size. The ringbuffer code assumes that a data
+ * block does not exceed the maximum possible size that could fit within the
+ * ringbuffer. This function provides that basic size check so that the
+ * assumption is safe.
+ *
+ * Writers are also not allowed to write 0-sized (data-less) records. Such
+ * records are used only internally by the ringbuffer.
+ */
+static bool data_check_size(struct prb_data_ring *data_ring, unsigned int size)
+{
+	struct prb_data_block *db = NULL;
+
+	/*
+	 * Writers are not allowed to write data-less records. Such records
+	 * are used only internally by the ringbuffer to denote records where
+	 * their data failed to allocate or have been lost.
+	 */
+	if (size == 0)
+		return false;
+
+	/*
+	 * Ensure the alignment padded size could possibly fit in the data
+	 * array. The largest possible data block must still leave room for
+	 * at least the ID of the next block.
+	 */
+	size = to_blk_size(size);
+	if (size > DATA_SIZE(data_ring) - sizeof(db->id))
+		return false;
+
+	return true;
+}
+
+/* The possible responses of a descriptor state-query. */
+enum desc_state {
+	desc_miss,	/* ID mismatch */
+	desc_reserved,	/* reserved, in use by writer */
+	desc_committed, /* committed, writer is done */
+	desc_reusable,	/* free, not yet used by any writer */
+};
+
+/* Query the state of a descriptor. */
+static enum desc_state get_desc_state(unsigned long id,
+				      unsigned long state_val)
+{
+	if (id != DESC_ID(state_val))
+		return desc_miss;
+
+	if (state_val & DESC_REUSE_MASK)
+		return desc_reusable;
+
+	if (state_val & DESC_COMMITTED_MASK)
+		return desc_committed;
+
+	return desc_reserved;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Get a copy of a specified descriptor and its queried state. A descriptor
+ * that is not in the committed or reusable state must be considered garbage
+ * by the reader.
+ */
+static enum desc_state desc_read(struct prb_desc_ring *desc_ring,
+				 unsigned long id, struct prb_desc *desc_out)
+{
+	struct prb_desc *desc = to_desc(desc_ring, id);
+	atomic_long_t *state_var = &desc->state_var;
+	enum desc_state d_state;
+	unsigned long state_val;
+
+	/* Check the descriptor state. */
+	state_val = atomic_long_read(state_var); /* LMM(desc_read:A) */
+	d_state = get_desc_state(id, state_val);
+	if (d_state != desc_committed && d_state != desc_reusable)
+		return d_state;
+
+	/*
+	 * Guarantee the state is loaded before copying the descriptor
+	 * content. This avoids copying obsolete descriptor content that might
+	 * not apply to the descriptor state. This pairs with prb_commit:B.
+	 *
+	 * Memory barrier involvement:
+	 *
+	 * If desc_read:A reads from prb_commit:B, then desc_read:C reads
+	 * from prb_commit:A.
+	 *
+	 * Relies on:
+	 *
+	 * WMB from prb_commit:A to prb_commit:B
+	 *    matching
+	 * RMB from desc_read:A to desc_read:C
+	 */
+	smp_rmb(); /* LMM(desc_read:B) */
+
+	/*
+	 * Copy the descriptor data. The data is not valid until the
+	 * state has been re-checked.
+	 */
+	memcpy(desc_out, desc, sizeof(*desc_out)); /* LMM(desc_read:C) */
+
+	/*
+	 * 1. Guarantee the descriptor content is loaded before re-checking
+	 *    the state. This avoids reading an obsolete descriptor state
+	 *    that may not apply to the copied content. This pairs with
+	 *    desc_reserve:F.
+	 *
+	 *    Memory barrier involvement:
+	 *
+	 *    If desc_read:C reads from desc_reserve:G, then desc_read:E
+	 *    reads from desc_reserve:F.
+	 *
+	 *    Relies on:
+	 *
+	 *    WMB from desc_reserve:F to desc_reserve:G
+	 *       matching
+	 *    RMB from desc_read:C to desc_read:E
+	 *
+	 * 2. Guarantee the record data is loaded before re-checking the
+	 *    state. This avoids reading an obsolete descriptor state that may
+	 *    not apply to the copied data. This pairs with data_alloc:A.
+	 *
+	 *    Memory barrier involvement:
+	 *
+	 *    If copy_data:A reads from data_alloc:B, then desc_read:E
+	 *    reads from desc_make_reusable:A.
+	 *
+	 *    Relies on:
+	 *
+	 *    MB from desc_make_reusable:A to data_alloc:B
+	 *       matching
+	 *    RMB from desc_read:C to desc_read:E
+	 *
+	 *    Note: desc_make_reusable:A and data_alloc:B can be different
+	 *          CPUs. However, the data_alloc:B CPU (which performs the
+	 *          full memory barrier) must have previously seen
+	 *          desc_make_reusable:A.
+	 */
+	smp_rmb(); /* LMM(desc_read:D) */
+
+	/* Re-check the descriptor state. */
+	state_val = atomic_long_read(state_var); /* LMM(desc_read:E) */
+	return get_desc_state(id, state_val);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Take a specified descriptor out of the committed state by attempting
+ * the transition from committed to reusable. Either this context or some
+ * other context will have been successful.
+ */
+static void desc_make_reusable(struct prb_desc_ring *desc_ring,
+			       unsigned long id)
+{
+	unsigned long val_committed = id | DESC_COMMITTED_MASK;
+	unsigned long val_reusable = val_committed | DESC_REUSE_MASK;
+	struct prb_desc *desc = to_desc(desc_ring, id);
+	atomic_long_t *state_var = &desc->state_var;
+
+	atomic_long_cmpxchg_relaxed(state_var, val_committed,
+				    val_reusable); /* LMM(desc_make_reusable:A) */
+}
+
+/*
+ * Given a data ring (text or dict), put the associated descriptor of each
+ * data block from @lpos_begin until @lpos_end into the reusable state.
+ *
+ * If there is any problem making the associated descriptor reusable, either
+ * the descriptor has not yet been committed or another writer context has
+ * already pushed the tail lpos past the problematic data block. Regardless,
+ * on error the caller can re-load the tail lpos to determine the situation.
+ */
+static bool data_make_reusable(struct printk_ringbuffer *rb,
+			       struct prb_data_ring *data_ring,
+			       unsigned long lpos_begin,
+			       unsigned long lpos_end,
+			       unsigned long *lpos_out)
+{
+	struct prb_desc_ring *desc_ring = &rb->desc_ring;
+	struct prb_data_blk_lpos *blk_lpos;
+	struct prb_data_block *blk;
+	enum desc_state d_state;
+	struct prb_desc desc;
+	unsigned long id;
+
+	/*
+	 * Using the provided @data_ring, point @blk_lpos to the correct
+	 * blk_lpos within the local copy of the descriptor.
+	 */
+	if (data_ring == &rb->text_data_ring)
+		blk_lpos = &desc.text_blk_lpos;
+	else
+		blk_lpos = &desc.dict_blk_lpos;
+
+	/* Loop until @lpos_begin has advanced to or beyond @lpos_end. */
+	while ((lpos_end - lpos_begin) - 1 < DATA_SIZE(data_ring)) {
+		blk = to_block(data_ring, lpos_begin);
+
+		/*
+		 * Load the block ID from the data block. This is a data race
+		 * against a writer that may have newly reserved this data
+		 * area. If the loaded value matches a valid descriptor ID,
+		 * the blk_lpos of that descriptor will be checked to make
+		 * sure it points back to this data block. If the check fails,
+		 * the data area has been recycled by another writer.
+		 */
+		id = blk->id; /* LMM(data_make_reusable:A) */
+
+		d_state = desc_read(desc_ring, id, &desc); /* LMM(data_make_reusable:B) */
+
+		switch (d_state) {
+		case desc_miss:
+			return false;
+		case desc_reserved:
+			return false;
+		case desc_committed:
+			/*
+			 * This data block is invalid if the descriptor
+			 * does not point back to it.
+			 */
+			if (blk_lpos->begin != lpos_begin)
+				return false;
+			desc_make_reusable(desc_ring, id);
+			break;
+		case desc_reusable:
+			/*
+			 * This data block is invalid if the descriptor
+			 * does not point back to it.
+			 */
+			if (blk_lpos->begin != lpos_begin)
+				return false;
+			break;
+		}
+
+		/* Advance @lpos_begin to the next data block. */
+		lpos_begin = blk_lpos->next;
+	}
+
+	*lpos_out = lpos_begin;
+	return true;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Advance the data ring tail to at least @lpos. This function puts
+ * descriptors into the reusable state if the tail is pushed beyond
+ * their associated data block.
+ */
+static bool data_push_tail(struct printk_ringbuffer *rb,
+			   struct prb_data_ring *data_ring,
+			   unsigned long lpos)
+{
+	unsigned long tail_lpos_new;
+	unsigned long tail_lpos;
+	unsigned long next_lpos;
+
+	/* If @lpos is not valid, there is nothing to do. */
+	if (lpos == INVALID_LPOS)
+		return true;
+
+	/*
+	 * Any descriptor states that have transitioned to reusable due to the
+	 * data tail being pushed to this loaded value will be visible to this
+	 * CPU. This pairs with data_push_tail:D.
+	 *
+	 * Memory barrier involvement:
+	 *
+	 * If data_push_tail:A reads from data_push_tail:D, then this CPU can
+	 * see desc_make_reusable:A.
+	 *
+	 * Relies on:
+	 *
+	 * MB from desc_make_reusable:A to data_push_tail:D
+	 *    matches
+	 * READFROM from data_push_tail:D to data_push_tail:A
+	 *    thus
+	 * READFROM from desc_make_reusable:A to this CPU
+	 */
+	tail_lpos = atomic_long_read(&data_ring->tail_lpos); /* LMM(data_push_tail:A) */
+
+	/*
+	 * Loop until the tail lpos is at or beyond @lpos. This condition
+	 * may already be satisfied, resulting in no full memory barrier
+	 * from data_push_tail:D being performed. However, since this CPU
+	 * sees the new tail lpos, any descriptor states that transitioned to
+	 * the reusable state must already be visible.
+	 */
+	while ((lpos - tail_lpos) - 1 < DATA_SIZE(data_ring)) {
+		/*
+		 * Make all descriptors reusable that are associated with
+		 * data blocks before @lpos.
+		 */
+		if (!data_make_reusable(rb, data_ring, tail_lpos, lpos,
+					&next_lpos)) {
+			/*
+			 * 1. Guarantee the block ID loaded in
+			 *    data_make_reusable() is performed before
+			 *    reloading the tail lpos. The failed
+			 *    data_make_reusable() may be due to a newly
+			 *    recycled data area causing the tail lpos to
+			 *    have been previously pushed. This pairs with
+			 *    data_alloc:A.
+			 *
+			 *    Memory barrier involvement:
+			 *
+			 *    If data_make_reusable:A reads from data_alloc:B,
+			 *    then data_push_tail:C reads from
+			 *    data_push_tail:D.
+			 *
+			 *    Relies on:
+			 *
+			 *    MB from data_push_tail:D to data_alloc:B
+			 *       matching
+			 *    RMB from data_make_reusable:A to
+			 *    data_push_tail:C
+			 *
+			 *    Note: data_push_tail:D and data_alloc:B can be
+			 *          different CPUs. However, the data_alloc:B
+			 *          CPU (which performs the full memory
+			 *          barrier) must have previously seen
+			 *          data_push_tail:D.
+			 *
+			 * 2. Guarantee the descriptor state loaded in
+			 *    data_make_reusable() is performed before
+			 *    reloading the tail lpos. The failed
+			 *    data_make_reusable() may be due to a newly
+			 *    recycled descriptor causing the tail lpos to
+			 *    have been previously pushed. This pairs with
+			 *    desc_reserve:D.
+			 *
+			 *    Memory barrier involvement:
+			 *
+			 *    If data_make_reusable:B reads from
+			 *    desc_reserve:F, then data_push_tail:C reads
+			 *    from data_push_tail:D.
+			 *
+			 *    Relies on:
+			 *
+			 *    MB from data_push_tail:D to desc_reserve:F
+			 *       matching
+			 *    RMB from data_make_reusable:B to
+			 *    data_push_tail:C
+			 *
+			 *    Note: data_push_tail:D and desc_reserve:F can
+			 *          be different CPUs. However, the
+			 *          desc_reserve:F CPU (which performs the
+			 *          full memory barrier) must have previously
+			 *          seen data_push_tail:D.
+			 */
+			smp_rmb(); /* LMM(data_push_tail:B) */
+
+			tail_lpos_new = atomic_long_read(&data_ring->tail_lpos
+							); /* LMM(data_push_tail:C) */
+			if (tail_lpos_new == tail_lpos)
+				return false;
+
+			/* Another CPU pushed the tail. Try again. */
+			tail_lpos = tail_lpos_new;
+			continue;
+		}
+
+		/*
+		 * Guarantee any descriptor states that have transitioned to
+		 * reusable are stored before pushing the tail lpos. A full
+		 * memory barrier is needed since other CPUs may have made
+		 * the descriptor states reusable. This pairs with
+		 * data_push_tail:A.
+		 */
+		if (atomic_long_try_cmpxchg(&data_ring->tail_lpos, &tail_lpos,
+					    next_lpos)) { /* LMM(data_push_tail:D) */
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+
+	return true;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Advance the desc ring tail. This function advances the tail by one
+ * descriptor, thus invalidating the oldest descriptor. Before advancing
+ * the tail, the tail descriptor is made reusable and all data blocks up to
+ * and including the descriptor's data block are invalidated (i.e. the data
+ * ring tail is pushed past the data block of the descriptor being made
+ * reusable).
+ */
+static bool desc_push_tail(struct printk_ringbuffer *rb,
+			   unsigned long tail_id)
+{
+	struct prb_desc_ring *desc_ring = &rb->desc_ring;
+	enum desc_state d_state;
+	struct prb_desc desc;
+
+	d_state = desc_read(desc_ring, tail_id, &desc);
+
+	switch (d_state) {
+	case desc_miss:
+		/*
+		 * If the ID is exactly 1 wrap behind the expected, it is
+		 * in the process of being reserved by another writer and
+		 * must be considered reserved.
+		 */
+		if (DESC_ID(atomic_long_read(&desc.state_var)) ==
+		    DESC_ID_PREV_WRAP(desc_ring, tail_id)) {
+			return false;
+		}
+
+		/*
+		 * The ID has changed. Another writer must have pushed the
+		 * tail and recycled the descriptor already. Success is
+		 * returned because the caller is only interested in the
+		 * specified tail being pushed, which it was.
+		 */
+		return true;
+	case desc_reserved:
+		return false;
+	case desc_committed:
+		desc_make_reusable(desc_ring, tail_id);
+		break;
+	case desc_reusable:
+		break;
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * Data blocks must be invalidated before their associated
+	 * descriptor can be made available for recycling. Invalidating
+	 * them later is not possible because there is no way to trust
+	 * data blocks once their associated descriptor is gone.
+	 */
+
+	if (!data_push_tail(rb, &rb->text_data_ring, desc.text_blk_lpos.next))
+		return false;
+	if (!data_push_tail(rb, &rb->dict_data_ring, desc.dict_blk_lpos.next))
+		return false;
+
+	/*
+	 * Check the next descriptor after @tail_id before pushing the tail
+	 * to it because the tail must always be in a committed or reusable
+	 * state. The implementation of prb_first_seq() relies on this.
+	 *
+	 * A successful read implies that the next descriptor is less than or
+	 * equal to @head_id so there is no risk of pushing the tail past the
+	 * head.
+	 */
+	d_state = desc_read(desc_ring, DESC_ID(tail_id + 1), &desc); /* LMM(desc_push_tail:A) */
+
+	if (d_state == desc_committed || d_state == desc_reusable) {
+		/*
+		 * Guarantee any descriptor states that have transitioned to
+		 * reusable are stored before pushing the tail ID. This allows
+		 * verifying the recycled descriptor state. A full memory
+		 * barrier is needed since other CPUs may have made the
+		 * descriptor states reusable. This pairs with desc_reserve:D.
+		 */
+		atomic_long_cmpxchg(&desc_ring->tail_id, tail_id,
+				    DESC_ID(tail_id + 1)); /* LMM(desc_push_tail:B) */
+	} else {
+		/*
+		 * Guarantee the last state load from desc_read() is before
+		 * reloading @tail_id in order to see a new tail ID in the
+		 * case that the descriptor has been recycled. This pairs
+		 * with desc_reserve:D.
+		 *
+		 * Memory barrier involvement:
+		 *
+		 * If desc_push_tail:A reads from desc_reserve:F, then
+		 * desc_push_tail:D reads from desc_push_tail:B.
+		 *
+		 * Relies on:
+		 *
+		 * MB from desc_push_tail:B to desc_reserve:F
+		 *    matching
+		 * RMB from desc_push_tail:A to desc_push_tail:D
+		 *
+		 * Note: desc_push_tail:B and desc_reserve:F can be different
+		 *       CPUs. However, the desc_reserve:F CPU (which performs
+		 *       the full memory barrier) must have previously seen
+		 *       desc_push_tail:B.
+		 */
+		smp_rmb(); /* LMM(desc_push_tail:C) */
+
+		/*
+		 * Re-check the tail ID. The descriptor following @tail_id is
+		 * not in an allowed tail state. But if the tail has since
+		 * been moved by another CPU, then it does not matter.
+		 */
+		if (atomic_long_read(&desc_ring->tail_id) == tail_id) /* LMM(desc_push_tail:D) */
+			return false;
+	}
+
+	return true;
+}
+
+/* Reserve a new descriptor, invalidating the oldest if necessary. */
+static bool desc_reserve(struct printk_ringbuffer *rb, unsigned long *id_out)
+{
+	struct prb_desc_ring *desc_ring = &rb->desc_ring;
+	unsigned long prev_state_val;
+	unsigned long id_prev_wrap;
+	struct prb_desc *desc;
+	unsigned long head_id;
+	unsigned long id;
+
+	head_id = atomic_long_read(&desc_ring->head_id); /* LMM(desc_reserve:A) */
+
+	do {
+		desc = to_desc(desc_ring, head_id);
+
+		id = DESC_ID(head_id + 1);
+		id_prev_wrap = DESC_ID_PREV_WRAP(desc_ring, id);
+
+		/*
+		 * Guarantee the head ID is read before reading the tail ID.
+		 * Since the tail ID is updated before the head ID, this
+		 * guarantees that @id_prev_wrap is never ahead of the tail
+		 * ID. This pairs with desc_reserve:D.
+		 *
+		 * Memory barrier involvement:
+		 *
+		 * If desc_reserve:A reads from desc_reserve:D, then
+		 * desc_reserve:C reads from desc_push_tail:B.
+		 *
+		 * Relies on:
+		 *
+		 * MB from desc_push_tail:B to desc_reserve:D
+		 *    matching
+		 * RMB from desc_reserve:A to desc_reserve:C
+		 *
+		 * Note: desc_push_tail:B and desc_reserve:D can be different
+		 *       CPUs. However, the desc_reserve:D CPU (which performs
+		 *       the full memory barrier) must have previously seen
+		 *       desc_push_tail:B.
+		 */
+		smp_rmb(); /* LMM(desc_reserve:B) */
+
+		if (id_prev_wrap == atomic_long_read(&desc_ring->tail_id
+						    )) { /* LMM(desc_reserve:C) */
+			/*
+			 * Make space for the new descriptor by
+			 * advancing the tail.
+			 */
+			if (!desc_push_tail(rb, id_prev_wrap))
+				return false;
+		}
+
+		/*
+		 * 1. Guarantee the tail ID is read before validating the
+		 *    recycled descriptor state. A read memory barrier is
+		 *    sufficient for this. This pairs with desc_push_tail:B.
+		 *
+		 *    Memory barrier involvement:
+		 *
+		 *    If desc_reserve:C reads from desc_push_tail:B, then
+		 *    desc_reserve:E reads from desc_make_reusable:A.
+		 *
+		 *    Relies on:
+		 *
+		 *    MB from desc_make_reusable:A to desc_push_tail:B
+		 *       matching
+		 *    RMB from desc_reserve:C to desc_reserve:E
+		 *
+		 *    Note: desc_make_reusable:A and desc_push_tail:B can be
+		 *          different CPUs. However, the desc_push_tail:B CPU
+		 *          (which performs the full memory barrier) must have
+		 *          previously seen desc_make_reusable:A.
+		 *
+		 * 2. Guarantee the tail ID is stored before storing the head
+		 *    ID. This pairs with desc_reserve:B.
+		 *
+		 * 3. Guarantee any data ring tail changes are stored before
+		 *    recycling the descriptor. Data ring tail changes can
+		 *    happen via desc_push_tail()->data_push_tail(). A full
+		 *    memory barrier is needed since another CPU may have
+		 *    pushed the data ring tails. This pairs with
+		 *    data_push_tail:B.
+		 *
+		 * 4. Guarantee a new tail ID is stored before recycling the
+		 *    descriptor. A full memory barrier is needed since
+		 *    another CPU may have pushed the tail ID. This pairs
+		 *    with desc_push_tail:C and this also pairs with
+		 *    prb_first_seq:C.
+		 */
+	} while (!atomic_long_try_cmpxchg(&desc_ring->head_id, &head_id,
+					  id)); /* LMM(desc_reserve:D) */
+
+	desc = to_desc(desc_ring, id);
+
+	/*
+	 * If the descriptor has been recycled, verify the old state val.
+	 * See "ABA Issues" about why this verification is performed.
+	 */
+	prev_state_val = atomic_long_read(&desc->state_var); /* LMM(desc_reserve:E) */
+	if (prev_state_val &&
+	    prev_state_val != (id_prev_wrap | DESC_COMMITTED_MASK | DESC_REUSE_MASK)) {
+		WARN_ON_ONCE(1);
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * Assign the descriptor a new ID and set its state to reserved.
+	 * See "ABA Issues" about why cmpxchg() instead of set() is used.
+	 *
+	 * Guarantee the new descriptor ID and state is stored before making
+	 * any other changes. A write memory barrier is sufficient for this.
+	 * This pairs with desc_read:D.
+	 */
+	if (!atomic_long_try_cmpxchg(&desc->state_var, &prev_state_val,
+				     id | 0)) { /* LMM(desc_reserve:F) */
+		WARN_ON_ONCE(1);
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	/* Now data in @desc can be modified: LMM(desc_reserve:G) */
+
+	*id_out = id;
+	return true;
+}
+
+/* Determine the end of a data block. */
+static unsigned long get_next_lpos(struct prb_data_ring *data_ring,
+				   unsigned long lpos, unsigned int size)
+{
+	unsigned long begin_lpos;
+	unsigned long next_lpos;
+
+	begin_lpos = lpos;
+	next_lpos = lpos + size;
+
+	/* First check if the data block does not wrap. */
+	if (DATA_WRAPS(data_ring, begin_lpos) == DATA_WRAPS(data_ring, next_lpos))
+		return next_lpos;
+
+	/* Wrapping data blocks store their data at the beginning. */
+	return (DATA_THIS_WRAP_START_LPOS(data_ring, next_lpos) + size);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Allocate a new data block, invalidating the oldest data block(s)
+ * if necessary. This function also associates the data block with
+ * a specified descriptor.
+ */
+static char *data_alloc(struct printk_ringbuffer *rb,
+			struct prb_data_ring *data_ring, unsigned int size,
+			struct prb_data_blk_lpos *blk_lpos, unsigned long id)
+{
+	struct prb_data_block *blk;
+	unsigned long begin_lpos;
+	unsigned long next_lpos;
+
+	if (size == 0) {
+		/* Specify a data-less block. */
+		blk_lpos->begin = INVALID_LPOS;
+		blk_lpos->next = INVALID_LPOS;
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	size = to_blk_size(size);
+
+	begin_lpos = atomic_long_read(&data_ring->head_lpos);
+
+	do {
+		next_lpos = get_next_lpos(data_ring, begin_lpos, size);
+
+		if (!data_push_tail(rb, data_ring, next_lpos - DATA_SIZE(data_ring))) {
+			/* Failed to allocate, specify a data-less block. */
+			blk_lpos->begin = INVALID_LPOS;
+			blk_lpos->next = INVALID_LPOS;
+			return NULL;
+		}
+
+		/*
+		 * 1. Guarantee any descriptor states that have transitioned
+		 *    to reusable are stored before modifying the newly
+		 *    allocated data area. A full memory barrier is needed
+		 *    since other CPUs may have made the descriptor states
+		 *    reusable. See data_push_tail:A about why the reusable
+		 *    states are visible. This pairs with desc_read:D.
+		 *
+		 * 2. Guarantee any updated tail lpos is stored before
+		 *    modifying the newly allocated data area. Another CPU may
+		 *    be in data_make_reusable() and is reading a block ID
+		 *    from this area. data_make_reusable() can handle reading
+		 *    a garbage block ID value, but then it must be able to
+		 *    load a new tail lpos. A full memory barrier is needed
+		 *    since other CPUs may have updated the tail lpos. This
+		 *    pairs with data_push_tail:B.
+		 */
+	} while (!atomic_long_try_cmpxchg(&data_ring->head_lpos, &begin_lpos,
+					  next_lpos)); /* LMM(data_alloc:A) */
+
+	blk = to_block(data_ring, begin_lpos);
+	blk->id = id; /* LMM(data_alloc:B) */
+
+	if (DATA_WRAPS(data_ring, begin_lpos) != DATA_WRAPS(data_ring, next_lpos)) {
+		/* Wrapping data blocks store their data at the beginning. */
+		blk = to_block(data_ring, 0);
+
+		/*
+		 * Store the ID on the wrapped block for consistency.
+		 * The printk_ringbuffer does not actually use it.
+		 */
+		blk->id = id;
+	}
+
+	blk_lpos->begin = begin_lpos;
+	blk_lpos->next = next_lpos;
+
+	return &blk->data[0];
+}
+
+/* Return the number of bytes used by a data block. */
+static unsigned int space_used(struct prb_data_ring *data_ring,
+			       struct prb_data_blk_lpos *blk_lpos)
+{
+	if (DATA_WRAPS(data_ring, blk_lpos->begin) == DATA_WRAPS(data_ring, blk_lpos->next)) {
+		/* Data block does not wrap. */
+		return (DATA_INDEX(data_ring, blk_lpos->next) -
+			DATA_INDEX(data_ring, blk_lpos->begin));
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * For wrapping data blocks, the trailing (wasted) space is
+	 * also counted.
+	 */
+	return (DATA_INDEX(data_ring, blk_lpos->next) +
+		DATA_SIZE(data_ring) - DATA_INDEX(data_ring, blk_lpos->begin));
+}
+
+/**
+ * prb_reserve() - Reserve space in the ringbuffer.
+ *
+ * @e:  The entry structure to setup.
+ * @rb: The ringbuffer to reserve data in.
+ * @r:  The record structure to allocate buffers for.
+ *
+ * This is the public function available to writers to reserve data.
+ *
+ * The writer specifies the text and dict sizes to reserve by setting the
+ * @text_buf_size and @dict_buf_size fields of @r, respectively. Dictionaries
+ * are optional, so @dict_buf_size is allowed to be 0. To ensure proper
+ * initialization of @r, prb_rec_init_wr() should be used.
+ *
+ * Context: Any context. Disables local interrupts on success.
+ * Return: true if at least text data could be allocated, otherwise false.
+ *
+ * On success, the fields @info, @text_buf, @dict_buf of @r will be set by
+ * this function and should be filled in by the writer before committing. Also
+ * on success, prb_record_text_space() can be used on @e to query the actual
+ * space used for the text data block.
+ *
+ * If the function fails to reserve dictionary space (but all else succeeded),
+ * it will still report success. In that case @dict_buf is set to NULL and
+ * @dict_buf_size is set to 0. Writers must check this before writing to
+ * dictionary space.
+ *
+ * @info->text_len and @info->dict_len will already be set to @text_buf_size
+ * and @dict_buf_size, respectively. If dictionary space reservation fails,
+ * @info->dict_len is set to 0.
+ */
+bool prb_reserve(struct prb_reserved_entry *e, struct printk_ringbuffer *rb,
+		 struct printk_record *r)
+{
+	struct prb_desc_ring *desc_ring = &rb->desc_ring;
+	struct prb_desc *d;
+	unsigned long id;
+
+	if (!data_check_size(&rb->text_data_ring, r->text_buf_size))
+		goto fail;
+
+	/* Records are allowed to not have dictionaries. */
+	if (r->dict_buf_size) {
+		if (!data_check_size(&rb->dict_data_ring, r->dict_buf_size))
+			goto fail;
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * Descriptors in the reserved state act as blockers to all further
+	 * reservations once the desc_ring has fully wrapped. Disable
+	 * interrupts during the reserve/commit window in order to minimize
+	 * the likelihood of this happening.
+	 */
+	local_irq_save(e->irqflags);
+
+	if (!desc_reserve(rb, &id)) {
+		/* Descriptor reservation failures are tracked. */
+		atomic_long_inc(&rb->fail);
+		local_irq_restore(e->irqflags);
+		goto fail;
+	}
+
+	d = to_desc(desc_ring, id);
+
+	/*
+	 * Set the @e fields here so that prb_commit() can be used if
+	 * text data allocation fails.
+	 */
+	e->rb = rb;
+	e->id = id;
+
+	/*
+	 * Initialize the sequence number if it has "never been set".
+	 * Otherwise just increment it by a full wrap.
+	 *
+	 * @seq is considered "never been set" if it has a value of 0,
+	 * _except_ for @descs[0], which was specially setup by the ringbuffer
+	 * initializer and therefore is always considered as set.
+	 *
+	 * See the "Bootstrap" comment block in printk_ringbuffer.h for
+	 * details about how the initializer bootstraps the descriptors.
+	 */
+	if (d->info.seq == 0 && DESC_INDEX(desc_ring, id) != 0)
+		d->info.seq = DESC_INDEX(desc_ring, id);
+	else
+		d->info.seq += DESCS_COUNT(desc_ring);
+
+	r->text_buf = data_alloc(rb, &rb->text_data_ring, r->text_buf_size,
+				 &d->text_blk_lpos, id);
+	/* If text data allocation fails, a data-less record is committed. */
+	if (r->text_buf_size && !r->text_buf) {
+		d->info.text_len = 0;
+		d->info.dict_len = 0;
+		prb_commit(e);
+		/* prb_commit() re-enabled interrupts. */
+		goto fail;
+	}
+
+	r->dict_buf = data_alloc(rb, &rb->dict_data_ring, r->dict_buf_size,
+				 &d->dict_blk_lpos, id);
+	/*
+	 * If dict data allocation fails, the caller can still commit
+	 * text. But dictionary information will not be available.
+	 */
+	if (r->dict_buf_size && !r->dict_buf)
+		r->dict_buf_size = 0;
+
+	r->info = &d->info;
+
+	/* Set default values for the sizes. */
+	d->info.text_len = r->text_buf_size;
+	d->info.dict_len = r->dict_buf_size;
+
+	/* Record full text space used by record. */
+	e->text_space = space_used(&rb->text_data_ring, &d->text_blk_lpos);
+
+	return true;
+fail:
+	/* Make it clear to the caller that the reserve failed. */
+	memset(r, 0, sizeof(*r));
+	return false;
+}
+
+/**
+ * prb_commit() - Commit (previously reserved) data to the ringbuffer.
+ *
+ * @e: The entry containing the reserved data information.
+ *
+ * This is the public function available to writers to commit data.
+ *
+ * Context: Any context. Enables local interrupts.
+ */
+void prb_commit(struct prb_reserved_entry *e)
+{
+	struct prb_desc_ring *desc_ring = &e->rb->desc_ring;
+	struct prb_desc *d = to_desc(desc_ring, e->id);
+	unsigned long prev_state_val = e->id | 0;
+
+	/* Now the writer has finished all writing: LMM(prb_commit:A) */
+
+	/*
+	 * Set the descriptor as committed. See "ABA Issues" about why
+	 * cmpxchg() instead of set() is used.
+	 *
+	 * Guarantee all record data is stored before the descriptor state
+	 * is stored as committed. A write memory barrier is sufficient for
+	 * this. This pairs with desc_read:B.
+	 */
+	if (!atomic_long_try_cmpxchg(&d->state_var, &prev_state_val,
+				     e->id | DESC_COMMITTED_MASK)) { /* LMM(prb_commit:B) */
+		WARN_ON_ONCE(1);
+	}
+
+	/* Restore interrupts, the reserve/commit window is finished. */
+	local_irq_restore(e->irqflags);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Given @blk_lpos, return a pointer to the writer data from the data block
+ * and calculate the size of the data part. A NULL pointer is returned if
+ * @blk_lpos specifies values that could never be legal.
+ *
+ * This function (used by readers) performs strict validation on the lpos
+ * values to possibly detect bugs in the writer code. A WARN_ON_ONCE() is
+ * triggered if an internal error is detected.
+ */
+static char *get_data(struct prb_data_ring *data_ring,
+		      struct prb_data_blk_lpos *blk_lpos,
+		      unsigned int *data_size)
+{
+	struct prb_data_block *db;
+
+	/* Data-less data block description. */
+	if (blk_lpos->begin == INVALID_LPOS &&
+	    blk_lpos->next == INVALID_LPOS) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	/* Regular data block: @begin less than @next and in same wrap. */
+	if (DATA_WRAPS(data_ring, blk_lpos->begin) == DATA_WRAPS(data_ring, blk_lpos->next) &&
+	    blk_lpos->begin < blk_lpos->next) {
+		db = to_block(data_ring, blk_lpos->begin);
+		*data_size = blk_lpos->next - blk_lpos->begin;
+
+	/* Wrapping data block: @begin is one wrap behind @next. */
+	} else if (DATA_WRAPS(data_ring, blk_lpos->begin + DATA_SIZE(data_ring)) ==
+		   DATA_WRAPS(data_ring, blk_lpos->next)) {
+		db = to_block(data_ring, 0);
+		*data_size = DATA_INDEX(data_ring, blk_lpos->next);
+
+	/* Illegal block description. */
+	} else {
+		WARN_ON_ONCE(1);
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	/* A valid data block will always be aligned to the ID size. */
+	if (WARN_ON_ONCE(blk_lpos->begin != ALIGN(blk_lpos->begin, sizeof(db->id))) ||
+	    WARN_ON_ONCE(blk_lpos->next != ALIGN(blk_lpos->next, sizeof(db->id)))) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	/* A valid data block will always have at least an ID. */
+	if (WARN_ON_ONCE(*data_size < sizeof(db->id)))
+		return NULL;
+
+	/* Subtract block ID space from size to reflect data size. */
+	*data_size -= sizeof(db->id);
+
+	return &db->data[0];
+}
+
+/*
+ * Count the number of lines in provided text. All text has at least 1 line
+ * (even if @text_size is 0). Each '\n' processed is counted as an additional
+ * line.
+ */
+static unsigned int count_lines(char *text, unsigned int text_size)
+{
+	unsigned int next_size = text_size;
+	unsigned int line_count = 1;
+	char *next = text;
+
+	while (next_size) {
+		next = memchr(next, '\n', next_size);
+		if (!next)
+			break;
+		line_count++;
+		next++;
+		next_size = text_size - (next - text);
+	}
+
+	return line_count;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Given @blk_lpos, copy an expected @len of data into the provided buffer.
+ * If @line_count is provided, count the number of lines in the data.
+ *
+ * This function (used by readers) performs strict validation on the data
+ * size to possibly detect bugs in the writer code. A WARN_ON_ONCE() is
+ * triggered if an internal error is detected.
+ */
+static bool copy_data(struct prb_data_ring *data_ring,
+		      struct prb_data_blk_lpos *blk_lpos, u16 len, char *buf,
+		      unsigned int buf_size, unsigned int *line_count)
+{
+	unsigned int data_size;
+	char *data;
+
+	/* Caller might not want any data. */
+	if ((!buf || !buf_size) && !line_count)
+		return true;
+
+	data = get_data(data_ring, blk_lpos, &data_size);
+	if (!data)
+		return false;
+
+	/*
+	 * Actual cannot be less than expected. It can be more than expected
+	 * because of the trailing alignment padding.
+	 */
+	if (WARN_ON_ONCE(data_size < (unsigned int)len)) {
+		pr_warn_once("wrong data size (%u, expecting %hu) for data: %.*s\n",
+			     data_size, len, data_size, data);
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	/* Caller interested in the line count? */
+	if (line_count)
+		*line_count = count_lines(data, data_size);
+
+	/* Caller interested in the data content? */
+	if (!buf || !buf_size)
+		return true;
+
+	data_size = min_t(u16, buf_size, len);
+
+	if (!WARN_ON_ONCE(!data_size))
+		memcpy(&buf[0], data, data_size); /* LMM(copy_data:A) */
+	return true;
+}
+
+/*
+ * This is an extended version of desc_read(). It gets a copy of a specified
+ * descriptor. However, it also verifies that the record is committed and has
+ * the sequence number @seq. On success, 0 is returned.
+ *
+ * Error return values:
+ * -EINVAL: A committed record with sequence number @seq does not exist.
+ * -ENOENT: A committed record with sequence number @seq exists, but its data
+ *          is not available. This is a valid record, so readers should
+ *          continue with the next record.
+ */
+static int desc_read_committed_seq(struct prb_desc_ring *desc_ring,
+				   unsigned long id, u64 seq,
+				   struct prb_desc *desc_out)
+{
+	struct prb_data_blk_lpos *blk_lpos = &desc_out->text_blk_lpos;
+	enum desc_state d_state;
+
+	d_state = desc_read(desc_ring, id, desc_out);
+
+	/*
+	 * An unexpected @id (desc_miss) or @seq mismatch means the record
+	 * does not exist. A descriptor in the reserved state means the
+	 * record does not yet exist for the reader.
+	 */
+	if (d_state == desc_miss ||
+	    d_state == desc_reserved ||
+	    desc_out->info.seq != seq) {
+		return -EINVAL;
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * A descriptor in the reusable state may no longer have its data
+	 * available; report it as a data-less record. Or the record may
+	 * actually be a data-less record.
+	 */
+	if (d_state == desc_reusable ||
+	    (blk_lpos->begin == INVALID_LPOS && blk_lpos->next == INVALID_LPOS)) {
+		return -ENOENT;
+	}
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Copy the ringbuffer data from the record with @seq to the provided
+ * @r buffer. On success, 0 is returned.
+ *
+ * See desc_read_committed_seq() for error return values.
+ */
+static int prb_read(struct printk_ringbuffer *rb, u64 seq,
+		    struct printk_record *r, unsigned int *line_count)
+{
+	struct prb_desc_ring *desc_ring = &rb->desc_ring;
+	struct prb_desc *rdesc = to_desc(desc_ring, seq);
+	atomic_long_t *state_var = &rdesc->state_var;
+	struct prb_desc desc;
+	unsigned long id;
+	int err;
+
+	/* Extract the ID, used to specify the descriptor to read. */
+	id = DESC_ID(atomic_long_read(state_var));
+
+	/* Get a local copy of the correct descriptor (if available). */
+	err = desc_read_committed_seq(desc_ring, id, seq, &desc);
+
+	/*
+	 * If @r is NULL, the caller is only interested in the availability
+	 * of the record.
+	 */
+	if (err || !r)
+		return err;
+
+	/* If requested, copy meta data. */
+	if (r->info)
+		memcpy(r->info, &desc.info, sizeof(*(r->info)));
+
+	/* Copy text data. If it fails, this is a data-less record. */
+	if (!copy_data(&rb->text_data_ring, &desc.text_blk_lpos, desc.info.text_len,
+		       r->text_buf, r->text_buf_size, line_count)) {
+		return -ENOENT;
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * Copy dict data. Although this should not fail, dict data is not
+	 * important. So if it fails, modify the copied meta data to report
+	 * that there is no dict data, thus silently dropping the dict data.
+	 */
+	if (!copy_data(&rb->dict_data_ring, &desc.dict_blk_lpos, desc.info.dict_len,
+		       r->dict_buf, r->dict_buf_size, NULL)) {
+		if (r->info)
+			r->info->dict_len = 0;
+	}
+
+	/* Ensure the record is still committed and has the same @seq. */
+	return desc_read_committed_seq(desc_ring, id, seq, &desc);
+}
+
+/* Get the sequence number of the tail descriptor. */
+static u64 prb_first_seq(struct printk_ringbuffer *rb)
+{
+	struct prb_desc_ring *desc_ring = &rb->desc_ring;
+	enum desc_state d_state;
+	struct prb_desc desc;
+	unsigned long id;
+
+	for (;;) {
+		id = atomic_long_read(&rb->desc_ring.tail_id); /* LMM(prb_first_seq:A) */
+
+		d_state = desc_read(desc_ring, id, &desc); /* LMM(prb_first_seq:B) */
+
+		/*
+		 * This loop will not be infinite because the tail is
+		 * _always_ in the committed or reusable state.
+		 */
+		if (d_state == desc_committed || d_state == desc_reusable)
+			break;
+
+		/*
+		 * Guarantee the last state load from desc_read() is before
+		 * reloading @tail_id in order to see a new tail in the case
+		 * that the descriptor has been recycled. This pairs with
+		 * desc_reserve:D.
+		 *
+		 * Memory barrier involvement:
+		 *
+		 * If prb_first_seq:B reads from desc_reserve:F, then
+		 * prb_first_seq:A reads from desc_push_tail:B.
+		 *
+		 * Relies on:
+		 *
+		 * MB from desc_push_tail:B to desc_reserve:F
+		 *    matching
+		 * RMB prb_first_seq:B to prb_first_seq:A
+		 */
+		smp_rmb(); /* LMM(prb_first_seq:C) */
+	}
+
+	return desc.info.seq;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Non-blocking read of a record. Updates @seq to the last committed record
+ * (which may have no data).
+ *
+ * See the description of prb_read_valid() and prb_read_valid_info()
+ * for details.
+ */
+static bool _prb_read_valid(struct printk_ringbuffer *rb, u64 *seq,
+			    struct printk_record *r, unsigned int *line_count)
+{
+	u64 tail_seq;
+	int err;
+
+	while ((err = prb_read(rb, *seq, r, line_count))) {
+		tail_seq = prb_first_seq(rb);
+
+		if (*seq < tail_seq) {
+			/*
+			 * Behind the tail. Catch up and try again. This
+			 * can happen for -ENOENT and -EINVAL cases.
+			 */
+			*seq = tail_seq;
+
+		} else if (err == -ENOENT) {
+			/* Record exists, but no data available. Skip. */
+			(*seq)++;
+
+		} else {
+			/* Non-existent/non-committed record. Must stop. */
+			return false;
+		}
+	}
+
+	return true;
+}
+
+/**
+ * prb_read_valid() - Non-blocking read of a requested record or (if gone)
+ *                    the next available record.
+ *
+ * @rb:  The ringbuffer to read from.
+ * @seq: The sequence number of the record to read.
+ * @r:   A record data buffer to store the read record to.
+ *
+ * This is the public function available to readers to read a record.
+ *
+ * The reader provides the @info, @text_buf, @dict_buf buffers of @r to be
+ * filled in. Any of the buffer pointers can be set to NULL if the reader
+ * is not interested in that data. To ensure proper initialization of @r,
+ * prb_rec_init_rd() should be used.
+ *
+ * Context: Any context.
+ * Return: true if a record was read, otherwise false.
+ *
+ * On success, the reader must check r->info.seq to see which record was
+ * actually read. This allows the reader to detect dropped records.
+ *
+ * Failure means @seq refers to a not yet written record.
+ */
+bool prb_read_valid(struct printk_ringbuffer *rb, u64 seq,
+		    struct printk_record *r)
+{
+	return _prb_read_valid(rb, &seq, r, NULL);
+}
+
+/**
+ * prb_read_valid_info() - Non-blocking read of meta data for a requested
+ *                         record or (if gone) the next available record.
+ *
+ * @rb:         The ringbuffer to read from.
+ * @seq:        The sequence number of the record to read.
+ * @info:       A buffer to store the read record meta data to.
+ * @line_count: A buffer to store the number of lines in the record text.
+ *
+ * This is the public function available to readers to read only the
+ * meta data of a record.
+ *
+ * The reader provides the @info, @line_count buffers to be filled in.
+ * Either of the buffer pointers can be set to NULL if the reader is not
+ * interested in that data.
+ *
+ * Context: Any context.
+ * Return: true if a record's meta data was read, otherwise false.
+ *
+ * On success, the reader must check info->seq to see which record meta data
+ * was actually read. This allows the reader to detect dropped records.
+ *
+ * Failure means @seq refers to a not yet written record.
+ */
+bool prb_read_valid_info(struct printk_ringbuffer *rb, u64 seq,
+			 struct printk_info *info, unsigned int *line_count)
+{
+	struct printk_record r;
+
+	prb_rec_init_rd(&r, info, NULL, 0, NULL, 0);
+
+	return _prb_read_valid(rb, &seq, &r, line_count);
+}
+
+/**
+ * prb_first_valid_seq() - Get the sequence number of the oldest available
+ *                         record.
+ *
+ * @rb: The ringbuffer to get the sequence number from.
+ *
+ * This is the public function available to readers to see what the
+ * first/oldest valid sequence number is.
+ *
+ * This provides readers a starting point to begin iterating the ringbuffer.
+ *
+ * Context: Any context.
+ * Return: The sequence number of the first/oldest record or, if the
+ *         ringbuffer is empty, 0 is returned.
+ */
+u64 prb_first_valid_seq(struct printk_ringbuffer *rb)
+{
+	u64 seq = 0;
+
+	if (!_prb_read_valid(rb, &seq, NULL, NULL))
+		return 0;
+
+	return seq;
+}
+
+/**
+ * prb_next_seq() - Get the sequence number after the last available record.
+ *
+ * @rb:  The ringbuffer to get the sequence number from.
+ *
+ * This is the public function available to readers to see what the next
+ * newest sequence number available to readers will be.
+ *
+ * This provides readers a sequence number to jump to if all currently
+ * available records should be skipped.
+ *
+ * Context: Any context.
+ * Return: The sequence number of the next newest (not yet available) record
+ *         for readers.
+ */
+u64 prb_next_seq(struct printk_ringbuffer *rb)
+{
+	u64 seq = 0;
+
+	/* Search forward from the oldest descriptor. */
+	while (_prb_read_valid(rb, &seq, NULL, NULL))
+		seq++;
+
+	return seq;
+}
+
+/**
+ * prb_init() - Initialize a ringbuffer to use provided external buffers.
+ *
+ * @rb:       The ringbuffer to initialize.
+ * @text_buf: The data buffer for text data.
+ * @textbits: The size of @text_buf as a power-of-2 value.
+ * @dict_buf: The data buffer for dictionary data.
+ * @dictbits: The size of @dict_buf as a power-of-2 value.
+ * @descs:    The descriptor buffer for ringbuffer records.
+ * @descbits: The count of @descs items as a power-of-2 value.
+ *
+ * This is the public function available to writers to setup a ringbuffer
+ * during runtime using provided buffers.
+ *
+ * This must match the initialization of DEFINE_PRINTKRB().
+ *
+ * Context: Any context.
+ */
+void prb_init(struct printk_ringbuffer *rb,
+	      char *text_buf, unsigned int textbits,
+	      char *dict_buf, unsigned int dictbits,
+	      struct prb_desc *descs, unsigned int descbits)
+{
+	memset(descs, 0, _DESCS_COUNT(descbits) * sizeof(descs[0]));
+
+	rb->desc_ring.count_bits = descbits;
+	rb->desc_ring.descs = descs;
+	atomic_long_set(&rb->desc_ring.head_id, DESC0_ID(descbits));
+	atomic_long_set(&rb->desc_ring.tail_id, DESC0_ID(descbits));
+
+	rb->text_data_ring.size_bits = textbits;
+	rb->text_data_ring.data = text_buf;
+	atomic_long_set(&rb->text_data_ring.head_lpos, BLK0_LPOS(textbits));
+	atomic_long_set(&rb->text_data_ring.tail_lpos, BLK0_LPOS(textbits));
+
+	rb->dict_data_ring.size_bits = dictbits;
+	rb->dict_data_ring.data = dict_buf;
+	atomic_long_set(&rb->dict_data_ring.head_lpos, BLK0_LPOS(dictbits));
+	atomic_long_set(&rb->dict_data_ring.tail_lpos, BLK0_LPOS(dictbits));
+
+	atomic_long_set(&rb->fail, 0);
+
+	descs[0].info.seq = -(u64)_DESCS_COUNT(descbits);
+
+	descs[_DESCS_COUNT(descbits) - 1].info.seq = 0;
+	atomic_long_set(&(descs[_DESCS_COUNT(descbits) - 1].state_var), DESC0_SV(descbits));
+	descs[_DESCS_COUNT(descbits) - 1].text_blk_lpos.begin = INVALID_LPOS;
+	descs[_DESCS_COUNT(descbits) - 1].text_blk_lpos.next = INVALID_LPOS;
+	descs[_DESCS_COUNT(descbits) - 1].dict_blk_lpos.begin = INVALID_LPOS;
+	descs[_DESCS_COUNT(descbits) - 1].dict_blk_lpos.next = INVALID_LPOS;
+}
+
+/**
+ * prb_record_text_space() - Query the full actual used ringbuffer space for
+ *                           the text data of a reserved entry.
+ *
+ * @e: The successfully reserved entry to query.
+ *
+ * This is the public function available to writers to see how much actual
+ * space is used in the ringbuffer to store the text data of the specified
+ * entry.
+ *
+ * This function is only valid if @e has been successfully reserved using
+ * prb_reserve().
+ *
+ * Context: Any context.
+ * Return: The size in bytes used by the text data of the associated record.
+ */
+unsigned int prb_record_text_space(struct prb_reserved_entry *e)
+{
+	return e->text_space;
+}