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authorLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>2022-03-21 14:00:56 -0700
committerLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>2022-03-21 14:00:56 -0700
commit35dc0352bb6cf611f01dba41b722fd2b9a819204 (patch)
tree8d0f79ed5a7f8182034e7538baf62d6bb578cb67 /tools
parenta04b1bf574e1f4875ea91f5c62ca051666443200 (diff)
parentd5578190bed3d110203e3b6b29c5a7a39d51c6c0 (diff)
Merge tag 'rcu.2022.03.13a' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/paulmck/linux-rcu
Pull RCU updates from Paul McKenney: - Fix idle detection (Neeraj Upadhyay) and missing access marking detected by KCSAN. - Reduce coupling between rcu_barrier() and CPU-hotplug operations, so that rcu_barrier() no longer needs to do cpus_read_lock(). This may also someday allow system boot to bring CPUs online concurrently. - Enable more aggressive movement to per-CPU queueing when reacting to excessive lock contention due to workloads placing heavy update-side stress on RCU tasks. - Improvements to RCU priority boosting, including changes from Neeraj Upadhyay, Zqiang, and Alison Chaiken. - Various fixes improving test robustness and debug information. - Add tests for SRCU size transitions, further compress torture.sh build products, and improve debug output. - Miscellaneous fixes. * tag 'rcu.2022.03.13a' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/paulmck/linux-rcu: (49 commits) rcu: Replace cpumask_weight with cpumask_empty where appropriate rcu: Remove __read_mostly annotations from rcu_scheduler_active externs rcu: Uninline multi-use function: finish_rcuwait() rcu: Mark writes to the rcu_segcblist structure's ->flags field kasan: Record work creation stack trace with interrupts enabled rcu: Inline __call_rcu() into call_rcu() rcu: Add mutex for rcu boost kthread spawning and affinity setting rcu: Fix description of kvfree_rcu() MAINTAINERS: Add Frederic and Neeraj to their RCU files rcutorture: Provide non-power-of-two Tasks RCU scenarios rcutorture: Test SRCU size transitions torture: Make torture.sh help message match reality rcu-tasks: Set ->percpu_enqueue_shift to zero upon contention rcu-tasks: Use order_base_2() instead of ilog2() rcu: Create and use an rcu_rdp_cpu_online() rcu: Make rcu_barrier() no longer block CPU-hotplug operations rcu: Rework rcu_barrier() and callback-migration logic rcu: Refactor rcu_barrier() empty-list handling rcu: Kill rnp->ofl_seq and use only rcu_state.ofl_lock for exclusion torture: Change KVM environment variable to RCUTORTURE ...
Diffstat (limited to 'tools')
-rwxr-xr-xtools/testing/selftests/rcutorture/bin/console-badness.sh2
-rwxr-xr-xtools/testing/selftests/rcutorture/bin/kvm-again.sh4
-rwxr-xr-xtools/testing/selftests/rcutorture/bin/kvm-check-branches.sh4
-rwxr-xr-xtools/testing/selftests/rcutorture/bin/kvm-end-run-stats.sh4
-rwxr-xr-xtools/testing/selftests/rcutorture/bin/kvm-find-errors.sh6
-rwxr-xr-xtools/testing/selftests/rcutorture/bin/kvm-recheck-rcu.sh2
-rwxr-xr-xtools/testing/selftests/rcutorture/bin/kvm-remote.sh25
-rwxr-xr-xtools/testing/selftests/rcutorture/bin/kvm.sh16
-rwxr-xr-xtools/testing/selftests/rcutorture/bin/parse-console.sh10
-rwxr-xr-xtools/testing/selftests/rcutorture/bin/torture.sh38
-rw-r--r--tools/testing/selftests/rcutorture/configs/rcu/RUDE012
-rw-r--r--tools/testing/selftests/rcutorture/configs/rcu/SRCU-N.boot1
-rw-r--r--tools/testing/selftests/rcutorture/configs/rcu/SRCU-P.boot2
-rw-r--r--tools/testing/selftests/rcutorture/configs/rcu/TRACE012
14 files changed, 76 insertions, 42 deletions
diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/rcutorture/bin/console-badness.sh b/tools/testing/selftests/rcutorture/bin/console-badness.sh
index e6a132df6172..69f8a5958cef 100755
--- a/tools/testing/selftests/rcutorture/bin/console-badness.sh
+++ b/tools/testing/selftests/rcutorture/bin/console-badness.sh
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
#
# Authors: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@kernel.org>
-egrep 'Badness|WARNING:|Warn|BUG|===========|Call Trace:|Oops:|detected stalls on CPUs/tasks:|self-detected stall on CPU|Stall ended before state dump start|\?\?\? Writer stall state|rcu_.*kthread starved for|!!!' |
+egrep 'Badness|WARNING:|Warn|BUG|===========|BUG: KCSAN:|Call Trace:|Oops:|detected stalls on CPUs/tasks:|self-detected stall on CPU|Stall ended before state dump start|\?\?\? Writer stall state|rcu_.*kthread starved for|!!!' |
grep -v 'ODEBUG: ' |
grep -v 'This means that this is a DEBUG kernel and it is' |
grep -v 'Warning: unable to open an initial console' |
diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/rcutorture/bin/kvm-again.sh b/tools/testing/selftests/rcutorture/bin/kvm-again.sh
index 5a0023d183da..0941f1ddab65 100755
--- a/tools/testing/selftests/rcutorture/bin/kvm-again.sh
+++ b/tools/testing/selftests/rcutorture/bin/kvm-again.sh
@@ -47,8 +47,8 @@ else
exit 1
fi
-KVM="`pwd`/tools/testing/selftests/rcutorture"; export KVM
-PATH=${KVM}/bin:$PATH; export PATH
+RCUTORTURE="`pwd`/tools/testing/selftests/rcutorture"; export RCUTORTURE
+PATH=${RCUTORTURE}/bin:$PATH; export PATH
. functions.sh
dryrun=
diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/rcutorture/bin/kvm-check-branches.sh b/tools/testing/selftests/rcutorture/bin/kvm-check-branches.sh
index 370406bbfeed..f17000a2ccf1 100755
--- a/tools/testing/selftests/rcutorture/bin/kvm-check-branches.sh
+++ b/tools/testing/selftests/rcutorture/bin/kvm-check-branches.sh
@@ -49,8 +49,8 @@ fi
mkdir $resdir/$ds
echo Results directory: $resdir/$ds
-KVM="`pwd`/tools/testing/selftests/rcutorture"; export KVM
-PATH=${KVM}/bin:$PATH; export PATH
+RCUTORTURE="`pwd`/tools/testing/selftests/rcutorture"; export RCUTORTURE
+PATH=${RCUTORTURE}/bin:$PATH; export PATH
. functions.sh
echo Using all `identify_qemu_vcpus` CPUs.
diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/rcutorture/bin/kvm-end-run-stats.sh b/tools/testing/selftests/rcutorture/bin/kvm-end-run-stats.sh
index e4a00779b8c6..ee886b40a5d2 100755
--- a/tools/testing/selftests/rcutorture/bin/kvm-end-run-stats.sh
+++ b/tools/testing/selftests/rcutorture/bin/kvm-end-run-stats.sh
@@ -22,8 +22,8 @@ T=${TMPDIR-/tmp}/kvm-end-run-stats.sh.$$
trap 'rm -rf $T' 0
mkdir $T
-KVM="`pwd`/tools/testing/selftests/rcutorture"; export KVM
-PATH=${KVM}/bin:$PATH; export PATH
+RCUTORTURE="`pwd`/tools/testing/selftests/rcutorture"; export RCUTORTURE
+PATH=${RCUTORTURE}/bin:$PATH; export PATH
. functions.sh
default_starttime="`get_starttime`"
starttime="${2-default_starttime}"
diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/rcutorture/bin/kvm-find-errors.sh b/tools/testing/selftests/rcutorture/bin/kvm-find-errors.sh
index 2e9e9e2eedb6..5f682fc892dd 100755
--- a/tools/testing/selftests/rcutorture/bin/kvm-find-errors.sh
+++ b/tools/testing/selftests/rcutorture/bin/kvm-find-errors.sh
@@ -30,10 +30,16 @@ editor=${EDITOR-vi}
files=
for i in ${rundir}/*/Make.out
do
+ scenariodir="`dirname $i`"
+ scenariobasedir="`echo ${scenariodir} | sed -e 's/\.[0-9]*$//'`"
if egrep -q "error:|warning:|^ld: .*undefined reference to" < $i
then
egrep "error:|warning:|^ld: .*undefined reference to" < $i > $i.diags
files="$files $i.diags $i"
+ elif ! test -f ${scenariobasedir}/vmlinux
+ then
+ echo No ${scenariobasedir}/vmlinux file > $i.diags
+ files="$files $i.diags $i"
fi
done
if test -n "$files"
diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/rcutorture/bin/kvm-recheck-rcu.sh b/tools/testing/selftests/rcutorture/bin/kvm-recheck-rcu.sh
index 1c4c2c727dad..43e1387234d1 100755
--- a/tools/testing/selftests/rcutorture/bin/kvm-recheck-rcu.sh
+++ b/tools/testing/selftests/rcutorture/bin/kvm-recheck-rcu.sh
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ stopstate="`grep 'End-test grace-period state: g' $i/console.log 2> /dev/null |
tail -1 | sed -e 's/^\[[ 0-9.]*] //' |
awk '{ print \"[\" $1 \" \" $5 \" \" $6 \" \" $7 \"]\"; }' |
tr -d '\012\015'`"
-fwdprog="`grep 'rcu_torture_fwd_prog n_max_cbs: ' $i/console.log 2> /dev/null | sed -e 's/^\[[^]]*] //' | sort -k3nr | head -1 | awk '{ print $2 " " $3 }'`"
+fwdprog="`grep 'rcu_torture_fwd_prog n_max_cbs: ' $i/console.log 2> /dev/null | sed -e 's/^\[[^]]*] //' | sort -k3nr | head -1 | awk '{ print $2 " " $3 }' | tr -d '\015'`"
if test -z "$ngps"
then
echo "$configfile ------- " $stopstate
diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/rcutorture/bin/kvm-remote.sh b/tools/testing/selftests/rcutorture/bin/kvm-remote.sh
index e09b1bc78708..8c4c1e4792d0 100755
--- a/tools/testing/selftests/rcutorture/bin/kvm-remote.sh
+++ b/tools/testing/selftests/rcutorture/bin/kvm-remote.sh
@@ -19,8 +19,8 @@ then
exit 1
fi
-KVM="`pwd`/tools/testing/selftests/rcutorture"; export KVM
-PATH=${KVM}/bin:$PATH; export PATH
+RCUTORTURE="`pwd`/tools/testing/selftests/rcutorture"; export RCUTORTURE
+PATH=${RCUTORTURE}/bin:$PATH; export PATH
. functions.sh
starttime="`get_starttime`"
@@ -108,8 +108,8 @@ else
cat $T/kvm-again.sh.out | tee -a "$oldrun/remote-log"
exit 2
fi
- cp -a "$rundir" "$KVM/res/"
- oldrun="$KVM/res/$ds"
+ cp -a "$rundir" "$RCUTORTURE/res/"
+ oldrun="$RCUTORTURE/res/$ds"
fi
echo | tee -a "$oldrun/remote-log"
echo " ----" kvm-again.sh output: "(`date`)" | tee -a "$oldrun/remote-log"
@@ -155,18 +155,23 @@ do
echo Downloading tarball to $i `date` | tee -a "$oldrun/remote-log"
cat $T/binres.tgz | ssh $i "cd /tmp; tar -xzf -"
ret=$?
- if test "$ret" -ne 0
- then
- echo Unable to download $T/binres.tgz to system $i, waiting and then retrying. | tee -a "$oldrun/remote-log"
+ tries=0
+ while test "$ret" -ne 0
+ do
+ echo Unable to download $T/binres.tgz to system $i, waiting and then retrying. $tries prior retries. | tee -a "$oldrun/remote-log"
sleep 60
cat $T/binres.tgz | ssh $i "cd /tmp; tar -xzf -"
ret=$?
if test "$ret" -ne 0
then
- echo Unable to download $T/binres.tgz to system $i, giving up. | tee -a "$oldrun/remote-log"
- exit 10
+ if test "$tries" > 5
+ then
+ echo Unable to download $T/binres.tgz to system $i, giving up. | tee -a "$oldrun/remote-log"
+ exit 10
+ fi
fi
- fi
+ tries=$((tries+1))
+ done
done
# Function to check for presence of a file on the specified system.
diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/rcutorture/bin/kvm.sh b/tools/testing/selftests/rcutorture/bin/kvm.sh
index 6de0c183db5b..55b2c1533282 100755
--- a/tools/testing/selftests/rcutorture/bin/kvm.sh
+++ b/tools/testing/selftests/rcutorture/bin/kvm.sh
@@ -25,15 +25,15 @@ LANG=en_US.UTF-8; export LANG
dur=$((30*60))
dryrun=""
-KVM="`pwd`/tools/testing/selftests/rcutorture"; export KVM
-PATH=${KVM}/bin:$PATH; export PATH
+RCUTORTURE="`pwd`/tools/testing/selftests/rcutorture"; export RCUTORTURE
+PATH=${RCUTORTURE}/bin:$PATH; export PATH
. functions.sh
TORTURE_ALLOTED_CPUS="`identify_qemu_vcpus`"
TORTURE_DEFCONFIG=defconfig
TORTURE_BOOT_IMAGE=""
TORTURE_BUILDONLY=
-TORTURE_INITRD="$KVM/initrd"; export TORTURE_INITRD
+TORTURE_INITRD="$RCUTORTURE/initrd"; export TORTURE_INITRD
TORTURE_KCONFIG_ARG=""
TORTURE_KCONFIG_GDB_ARG=""
TORTURE_BOOT_GDB_ARG=""
@@ -262,7 +262,7 @@ else
exit 1
fi
-CONFIGFRAG=${KVM}/configs/${TORTURE_SUITE}; export CONFIGFRAG
+CONFIGFRAG=${RCUTORTURE}/configs/${TORTURE_SUITE}; export CONFIGFRAG
defaultconfigs="`tr '\012' ' ' < $CONFIGFRAG/CFLIST`"
if test -z "$configs"
@@ -272,7 +272,7 @@ fi
if test -z "$resdir"
then
- resdir=$KVM/res
+ resdir=$RCUTORTURE/res
fi
# Create a file of test-name/#cpus pairs, sorted by decreasing #cpus.
@@ -280,7 +280,7 @@ configs_derep=
for CF in $configs
do
case $CF in
- [0-9]\**|[0-9][0-9]\**|[0-9][0-9][0-9]\**)
+ [0-9]\**|[0-9][0-9]\**|[0-9][0-9][0-9]\**|[0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9]\**)
config_reps=`echo $CF | sed -e 's/\*.*$//'`
CF1=`echo $CF | sed -e 's/^[^*]*\*//'`
;;
@@ -386,7 +386,7 @@ END {
# Generate a script to execute the tests in appropriate batches.
cat << ___EOF___ > $T/script
CONFIGFRAG="$CONFIGFRAG"; export CONFIGFRAG
-KVM="$KVM"; export KVM
+RCUTORTURE="$RCUTORTURE"; export RCUTORTURE
PATH="$PATH"; export PATH
TORTURE_ALLOTED_CPUS="$TORTURE_ALLOTED_CPUS"; export TORTURE_ALLOTED_CPUS
TORTURE_BOOT_IMAGE="$TORTURE_BOOT_IMAGE"; export TORTURE_BOOT_IMAGE
@@ -569,7 +569,7 @@ ___EOF___
awk < $T/cfgcpu.pack \
-v TORTURE_BUILDONLY="$TORTURE_BUILDONLY" \
-v CONFIGDIR="$CONFIGFRAG/" \
- -v KVM="$KVM" \
+ -v RCUTORTURE="$RCUTORTURE" \
-v ncpus=$cpus \
-v jitter="$jitter" \
-v rd=$resdir/$ds/ \
diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/rcutorture/bin/parse-console.sh b/tools/testing/selftests/rcutorture/bin/parse-console.sh
index 9f624bd53c27..822eb037a057 100755
--- a/tools/testing/selftests/rcutorture/bin/parse-console.sh
+++ b/tools/testing/selftests/rcutorture/bin/parse-console.sh
@@ -138,6 +138,16 @@ then
then
summary="$summary Bugs: $n_bugs"
fi
+ n_kcsan=`egrep -c 'BUG: KCSAN: ' $file`
+ if test "$n_kcsan" -ne 0
+ then
+ if test "$n_bugs" = "$n_kcsan"
+ then
+ summary="$summary (all bugs kcsan)"
+ else
+ summary="$summary KCSAN: $n_kcsan"
+ fi
+ fi
n_calltrace=`grep -c 'Call Trace:' $file`
if test "$n_calltrace" -ne 0
then
diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/rcutorture/bin/torture.sh b/tools/testing/selftests/rcutorture/bin/torture.sh
index eae88aacca2a..bfe09e2829c8 100755
--- a/tools/testing/selftests/rcutorture/bin/torture.sh
+++ b/tools/testing/selftests/rcutorture/bin/torture.sh
@@ -13,8 +13,8 @@
scriptname=$0
args="$*"
-KVM="`pwd`/tools/testing/selftests/rcutorture"; export KVM
-PATH=${KVM}/bin:$PATH; export PATH
+RCUTORTURE="`pwd`/tools/testing/selftests/rcutorture"; export RCUTORTURE
+PATH=${RCUTORTURE}/bin:$PATH; export PATH
. functions.sh
TORTURE_ALLOTED_CPUS="`identify_qemu_vcpus`"
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ configs_scftorture=
kcsan_kmake_args=
# Default compression, duration, and apportionment.
-compress_kasan_vmlinux="`identify_qemu_vcpus`"
+compress_concurrency="`identify_qemu_vcpus`"
duration_base=10
duration_rcutorture_frac=7
duration_locktorture_frac=1
@@ -67,12 +67,12 @@ function doyesno () {
usage () {
echo "Usage: $scriptname optional arguments:"
- echo " --compress-kasan-vmlinux concurrency"
+ echo " --compress-concurrency concurrency"
echo " --configs-rcutorture \"config-file list w/ repeat factor (3*TINY01)\""
echo " --configs-locktorture \"config-file list w/ repeat factor (10*LOCK01)\""
echo " --configs-scftorture \"config-file list w/ repeat factor (2*CFLIST)\""
- echo " --doall"
- echo " --doallmodconfig / --do-no-allmodconfig"
+ echo " --do-all"
+ echo " --do-allmodconfig / --do-no-allmodconfig"
echo " --do-clocksourcewd / --do-no-clocksourcewd"
echo " --do-kasan / --do-no-kasan"
echo " --do-kcsan / --do-no-kcsan"
@@ -91,9 +91,9 @@ usage () {
while test $# -gt 0
do
case "$1" in
- --compress-kasan-vmlinux)
- checkarg --compress-kasan-vmlinux "(concurrency level)" $# "$2" '^[0-9][0-9]*$' '^error'
- compress_kasan_vmlinux=$2
+ --compress-concurrency)
+ checkarg --compress-concurrency "(concurrency level)" $# "$2" '^[0-9][0-9]*$' '^error'
+ compress_concurrency=$2
shift
;;
--config-rcutorture|--configs-rcutorture)
@@ -414,8 +414,14 @@ nfailures=0
echo FAILURES: | tee -a $T/log
if test -s "$T/failures"
then
- cat "$T/failures" | tee -a $T/log
+ awk < "$T/failures" -v sq="'" '{ print "echo " sq $0 sq; print "sed -e " sq "1,/^ --- .* Test summary:$/d" sq " " $2 "/log | grep Summary: | sed -e " sq "s/^[^S]*/ /" sq; }' | sh | tee -a $T/log | tee "$T/failuresum"
nfailures="`wc -l "$T/failures" | awk '{ print $1 }'`"
+ grep "^ Summary: " "$T/failuresum" |
+ grep -v '^ Summary: Bugs: [0-9]* (all bugs kcsan)$' > "$T/nonkcsan"
+ if test -s "$T/nonkcsan"
+ then
+ nonkcsanbug="yes"
+ fi
ret=2
fi
if test "$do_kcsan" = "yes"
@@ -424,12 +430,16 @@ then
fi
echo Started at $startdate, ended at `date`, duration `get_starttime_duration $starttime`. | tee -a $T/log
echo Summary: Successes: $nsuccesses Failures: $nfailures. | tee -a $T/log
+if test -z "$nonkcsanbug" && test -s "$T/failuresum"
+then
+ echo " All bugs were KCSAN failures."
+fi
tdir="`cat $T/successes $T/failures | head -1 | awk '{ print $NF }' | sed -e 's,/[^/]\+/*$,,'`"
-if test -n "$tdir" && test $compress_kasan_vmlinux -gt 0
+if test -n "$tdir" && test $compress_concurrency -gt 0
then
# KASAN vmlinux files can approach 1GB in size, so compress them.
- echo Looking for KASAN files to compress: `date` > "$tdir/log-xz" 2>&1
- find "$tdir" -type d -name '*-kasan' -print > $T/xz-todo
+ echo Looking for K[AC]SAN files to compress: `date` > "$tdir/log-xz" 2>&1
+ find "$tdir" -type d -name '*-k[ac]san' -print > $T/xz-todo
ncompresses=0
batchno=1
if test -s $T/xz-todo
@@ -447,7 +457,7 @@ then
do
xz "$j" >> "$tdir/log-xz" 2>&1 &
ncompresses=$((ncompresses+1))
- if test $ncompresses -ge $compress_kasan_vmlinux
+ if test $ncompresses -ge $compress_concurrency
then
echo Waiting for batch $batchno of $ncompresses compressions `date` | tee -a "$tdir/log-xz" | tee -a $T/log
wait
diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/rcutorture/configs/rcu/RUDE01 b/tools/testing/selftests/rcutorture/configs/rcu/RUDE01
index 3ca112444ce7..7093422050f6 100644
--- a/tools/testing/selftests/rcutorture/configs/rcu/RUDE01
+++ b/tools/testing/selftests/rcutorture/configs/rcu/RUDE01
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
CONFIG_SMP=y
-CONFIG_NR_CPUS=4
+CONFIG_NR_CPUS=3
CONFIG_HOTPLUG_CPU=y
CONFIG_PREEMPT_NONE=n
CONFIG_PREEMPT_VOLUNTARY=n
diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/rcutorture/configs/rcu/SRCU-N.boot b/tools/testing/selftests/rcutorture/configs/rcu/SRCU-N.boot
index 238bfe3bd0cc..ce0694fd9b92 100644
--- a/tools/testing/selftests/rcutorture/configs/rcu/SRCU-N.boot
+++ b/tools/testing/selftests/rcutorture/configs/rcu/SRCU-N.boot
@@ -1 +1,2 @@
rcutorture.torture_type=srcu
+rcutorture.fwd_progress=3
diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/rcutorture/configs/rcu/SRCU-P.boot b/tools/testing/selftests/rcutorture/configs/rcu/SRCU-P.boot
index ce48c7b82673..2db39f298d18 100644
--- a/tools/testing/selftests/rcutorture/configs/rcu/SRCU-P.boot
+++ b/tools/testing/selftests/rcutorture/configs/rcu/SRCU-P.boot
@@ -1,2 +1,4 @@
rcutorture.torture_type=srcud
rcupdate.rcu_self_test=1
+rcutorture.fwd_progress=3
+srcutree.big_cpu_lim=5
diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/rcutorture/configs/rcu/TRACE01 b/tools/testing/selftests/rcutorture/configs/rcu/TRACE01
index 34c8ff5a12f2..e4d74e5fc1d0 100644
--- a/tools/testing/selftests/rcutorture/configs/rcu/TRACE01
+++ b/tools/testing/selftests/rcutorture/configs/rcu/TRACE01
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
CONFIG_SMP=y
-CONFIG_NR_CPUS=4
+CONFIG_NR_CPUS=5
CONFIG_HOTPLUG_CPU=y
CONFIG_PREEMPT_NONE=y
CONFIG_PREEMPT_VOLUNTARY=n