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-.. _changes:
-
-Minimal requerements to compile the Kernel
-++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
-
-Intro
-=====
-
-This document is designed to provide a list of the minimum levels of
-software necessary to run the 4.x kernels.
-
-This document is originally based on my "Changes" file for 2.0.x kernels
-and therefore owes credit to the same people as that file (Jared Mauch,
-Axel Boldt, Alessandro Sigala, and countless other users all over the
-'net).
-
-Current Minimal Requirements
-****************************
-
-Upgrade to at **least** these software revisions before thinking you've
-encountered a bug! If you're unsure what version you're currently
-running, the suggested command should tell you.
-
-Again, keep in mind that this list assumes you are already functionally
-running a Linux kernel. Also, not all tools are necessary on all
-systems; obviously, if you don't have any ISDN hardware, for example,
-you probably needn't concern yourself with isdn4k-utils.
-
-====================== =============== ========================================
- Program Minimal version Command to check the version
-====================== =============== ========================================
-GNU C 3.2 gcc --version
-GNU make 3.80 make --version
-binutils 2.12 ld -v
-util-linux 2.10o fdformat --version
-module-init-tools 0.9.10 depmod -V
-e2fsprogs 1.41.4 e2fsck -V
-jfsutils 1.1.3 fsck.jfs -V
-reiserfsprogs 3.6.3 reiserfsck -V
-xfsprogs 2.6.0 xfs_db -V
-squashfs-tools 4.0 mksquashfs -version
-btrfs-progs 0.18 btrfsck
-pcmciautils 004 pccardctl -V
-quota-tools 3.09 quota -V
-PPP 2.4.0 pppd --version
-isdn4k-utils 3.1pre1 isdnctrl 2>&1|grep version
-nfs-utils 1.0.5 showmount --version
-procps 3.2.0 ps --version
-oprofile 0.9 oprofiled --version
-udev 081 udevd --version
-grub 0.93 grub --version || grub-install --version
-mcelog 0.6 mcelog --version
-iptables 1.4.2 iptables -V
-openssl & libcrypto 1.0.0 openssl version
-bc 1.06.95 bc --version
-Sphinx\ [#f1]_ 1.2 sphinx-build --version
-====================== =============== ========================================
-
-.. [#f1] Sphinx is needed only to build the Kernel documentation
-
-Kernel compilation
-******************
-
-GCC
----
-
-The gcc version requirements may vary depending on the type of CPU in your
-computer.
-
-Make
-----
-
-You will need GNU make 3.80 or later to build the kernel.
-
-Binutils
---------
-
-Linux on IA-32 has recently switched from using ``as86`` to using ``gas`` for
-assembling the 16-bit boot code, removing the need for ``as86`` to compile
-your kernel. This change does, however, mean that you need a recent
-release of binutils.
-
-Perl
-----
-
-You will need perl 5 and the following modules: ``Getopt::Long``,
-``Getopt::Std``, ``File::Basename``, and ``File::Find`` to build the kernel.
-
-BC
---
-
-You will need bc to build kernels 3.10 and higher
-
-
-OpenSSL
--------
-
-Module signing and external certificate handling use the OpenSSL program and
-crypto library to do key creation and signature generation.
-
-You will need openssl to build kernels 3.7 and higher if module signing is
-enabled. You will also need openssl development packages to build kernels 4.3
-and higher.
-
-
-System utilities
-****************
-
-Architectural changes
----------------------
-
-DevFS has been obsoleted in favour of udev
-(http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/hotplug/)
-
-32-bit UID support is now in place. Have fun!
-
-Linux documentation for functions is transitioning to inline
-documentation via specially-formatted comments near their
-definitions in the source. These comments can be combined with the
-SGML templates in the Documentation/DocBook directory to make DocBook
-files, which can then be converted by DocBook stylesheets to PostScript,
-HTML, PDF files, and several other formats. In order to convert from
-DocBook format to a format of your choice, you'll need to install Jade as
-well as the desired DocBook stylesheets.
-
-Util-linux
-----------
-
-New versions of util-linux provide ``fdisk`` support for larger disks,
-support new options to mount, recognize more supported partition
-types, have a fdformat which works with 2.4 kernels, and similar goodies.
-You'll probably want to upgrade.
-
-Ksymoops
---------
-
-If the unthinkable happens and your kernel oopses, you may need the
-ksymoops tool to decode it, but in most cases you don't.
-It is generally preferred to build the kernel with ``CONFIG_KALLSYMS`` so
-that it produces readable dumps that can be used as-is (this also
-produces better output than ksymoops). If for some reason your kernel
-is not build with ``CONFIG_KALLSYMS`` and you have no way to rebuild and
-reproduce the Oops with that option, then you can still decode that Oops
-with ksymoops.
-
-Module-Init-Tools
------------------
-
-A new module loader is now in the kernel that requires ``module-init-tools``
-to use. It is backward compatible with the 2.4.x series kernels.
-
-Mkinitrd
---------
-
-These changes to the ``/lib/modules`` file tree layout also require that
-mkinitrd be upgraded.
-
-E2fsprogs
----------
-
-The latest version of ``e2fsprogs`` fixes several bugs in fsck and
-debugfs. Obviously, it's a good idea to upgrade.
-
-JFSutils
---------
-
-The ``jfsutils`` package contains the utilities for the file system.
-The following utilities are available:
-
-- ``fsck.jfs`` - initiate replay of the transaction log, and check
- and repair a JFS formatted partition.
-
-- ``mkfs.jfs`` - create a JFS formatted partition.
-
-- other file system utilities are also available in this package.
-
-Reiserfsprogs
--------------
-
-The reiserfsprogs package should be used for reiserfs-3.6.x
-(Linux kernels 2.4.x). It is a combined package and contains working
-versions of ``mkreiserfs``, ``resize_reiserfs``, ``debugreiserfs`` and
-``reiserfsck``. These utils work on both i386 and alpha platforms.
-
-Xfsprogs
---------
-
-The latest version of ``xfsprogs`` contains ``mkfs.xfs``, ``xfs_db``, and the
-``xfs_repair`` utilities, among others, for the XFS filesystem. It is
-architecture independent and any version from 2.0.0 onward should
-work correctly with this version of the XFS kernel code (2.6.0 or
-later is recommended, due to some significant improvements).
-
-PCMCIAutils
------------
-
-PCMCIAutils replaces ``pcmcia-cs``. It properly sets up
-PCMCIA sockets at system startup and loads the appropriate modules
-for 16-bit PCMCIA devices if the kernel is modularized and the hotplug
-subsystem is used.
-
-Quota-tools
------------
-
-Support for 32 bit uid's and gid's is required if you want to use
-the newer version 2 quota format. Quota-tools version 3.07 and
-newer has this support. Use the recommended version or newer
-from the table above.
-
-Intel IA32 microcode
---------------------
-
-A driver has been added to allow updating of Intel IA32 microcode,
-accessible as a normal (misc) character device. If you are not using
-udev you may need to::
-
- mkdir /dev/cpu
- mknod /dev/cpu/microcode c 10 184
- chmod 0644 /dev/cpu/microcode
-
-as root before you can use this. You'll probably also want to
-get the user-space microcode_ctl utility to use with this.
-
-udev
-----
-
-``udev`` is a userspace application for populating ``/dev`` dynamically with
-only entries for devices actually present. ``udev`` replaces the basic
-functionality of devfs, while allowing persistent device naming for
-devices.
-
-FUSE
-----
-
-Needs libfuse 2.4.0 or later. Absolute minimum is 2.3.0 but mount
-options ``direct_io`` and ``kernel_cache`` won't work.
-
-Networking
-**********
-
-General changes
----------------
-
-If you have advanced network configuration needs, you should probably
-consider using the network tools from ip-route2.
-
-Packet Filter / NAT
--------------------
-The packet filtering and NAT code uses the same tools like the previous 2.4.x
-kernel series (iptables). It still includes backwards-compatibility modules
-for 2.2.x-style ipchains and 2.0.x-style ipfwadm.
-
-PPP
----
-
-The PPP driver has been restructured to support multilink and to
-enable it to operate over diverse media layers. If you use PPP,
-upgrade pppd to at least 2.4.0.
-
-If you are not using udev, you must have the device file /dev/ppp
-which can be made by::
-
- mknod /dev/ppp c 108 0
-
-as root.
-
-Isdn4k-utils
-------------
-
-Due to changes in the length of the phone number field, isdn4k-utils
-needs to be recompiled or (preferably) upgraded.
-
-NFS-utils
----------
-
-In ancient (2.4 and earlier) kernels, the nfs server needed to know
-about any client that expected to be able to access files via NFS. This
-information would be given to the kernel by ``mountd`` when the client
-mounted the filesystem, or by ``exportfs`` at system startup. exportfs
-would take information about active clients from ``/var/lib/nfs/rmtab``.
-
-This approach is quite fragile as it depends on rmtab being correct
-which is not always easy, particularly when trying to implement
-fail-over. Even when the system is working well, ``rmtab`` suffers from
-getting lots of old entries that never get removed.
-
-With modern kernels we have the option of having the kernel tell mountd
-when it gets a request from an unknown host, and mountd can give
-appropriate export information to the kernel. This removes the
-dependency on ``rmtab`` and means that the kernel only needs to know about
-currently active clients.
-
-To enable this new functionality, you need to::
-
- mount -t nfsd nfsd /proc/fs/nfsd
-
-before running exportfs or mountd. It is recommended that all NFS
-services be protected from the internet-at-large by a firewall where
-that is possible.
-
-mcelog
-------
-
-On x86 kernels the mcelog utility is needed to process and log machine check
-events when ``CONFIG_X86_MCE`` is enabled. Machine check events are errors
-reported by the CPU. Processing them is strongly encouraged.
-
-Kernel documentation
-********************
-
-Sphinx
-------
-
-The ReST markups currently used by the Documentation/ files are meant to be
-built with ``Sphinx`` version 1.2 or upper. If you're desiring to build
-PDF outputs, it is recommended to use version 1.4.6.
-
-.. note::
-
- Please notice that, for PDF and LaTeX output, you'll also need ``XeLaTeX``
- version 3.14159265. Depending on the distribution, you may also need
- to install a series of ``texlive`` packages that provide the minimal
- set of functionalities required for ``XeLaTex`` to work.
-
-Other tools
------------
-
-In order to produce documentation from DocBook, you'll also need ``xmlto``.
-Please notice, however, that we're currently migrating all documents to use
-``Sphinx``.
-
-Getting updated software
-========================
-
-Kernel compilation
-******************
-
-gcc
----
-
-- <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gcc/>
-
-Make
-----
-
-- <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/make/>
-
-Binutils
---------
-
-- <ftp://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/devel/binutils/>
-
-OpenSSL
--------
-
-- <https://www.openssl.org/>
-
-System utilities
-****************
-
-Util-linux
-----------
-
-- <ftp://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/util-linux/>
-
-Ksymoops
---------
-
-- <ftp://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/ksymoops/v2.4/>
-
-Module-Init-Tools
------------------
-
-- <ftp://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/people/rusty/modules/>
-
-Mkinitrd
---------
-
-- <https://code.launchpad.net/initrd-tools/main>
-
-E2fsprogs
----------
-
-- <http://prdownloads.sourceforge.net/e2fsprogs/e2fsprogs-1.29.tar.gz>
-
-JFSutils
---------
-
-- <http://jfs.sourceforge.net/>
-
-Reiserfsprogs
--------------
-
-- <http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/fs/reiserfs/>
-
-Xfsprogs
---------
-
-- <ftp://oss.sgi.com/projects/xfs/>
-
-Pcmciautils
------------
-
-- <ftp://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/pcmcia/>
-
-Quota-tools
------------
-
-- <http://sourceforge.net/projects/linuxquota/>
-
-DocBook Stylesheets
--------------------
-
-- <http://sourceforge.net/projects/docbook/files/docbook-dsssl/>
-
-XMLTO XSLT Frontend
--------------------
-
-- <http://cyberelk.net/tim/xmlto/>
-
-Intel P6 microcode
-------------------
-
-- <https://downloadcenter.intel.com/>
-
-udev
-----
-
-- <http://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/udev.html>
-
-FUSE
-----
-
-- <http://sourceforge.net/projects/fuse>
-
-mcelog
-------
-
-- <http://www.mcelog.org/>
-
-Networking
-**********
-
-PPP
----
-
-- <ftp://ftp.samba.org/pub/ppp/>
-
-Isdn4k-utils
-------------
-
-- <ftp://ftp.isdn4linux.de/pub/isdn4linux/utils/>
-
-NFS-utils
----------
-
-- <http://sourceforge.net/project/showfiles.php?group_id=14>
-
-Iptables
---------
-
-- <http://www.iptables.org/downloads.html>
-
-Ip-route2
----------
-
-- <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/net/iproute2/>
-
-OProfile
---------
-
-- <http://oprofile.sf.net/download/>
-
-NFS-Utils
----------
-
-- <http://nfs.sourceforge.net/>
-
-Kernel documentation
-********************
-
-Sphinx
-------
-
-- <http://www.sphinx-doc.org/>