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Diffstat (limited to 'Documentation/RCU/Design')
13 files changed, 796 insertions, 3122 deletions
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The <tt>rcu_segcblist</tt> Structure</a> <li> <a href="#The rcu_data Structure"> The <tt>rcu_data</tt> Structure</a> -<li> <a href="#The rcu_dynticks Structure"> - The <tt>rcu_dynticks</tt> Structure</a> <li> <a href="#The rcu_head Structure"> The <tt>rcu_head</tt> Structure</a> <li> <a href="#RCU-Specific Fields in the task_struct Structure"> @@ -127,9 +125,11 @@ CPUs, RCU would configure the <tt>rcu_node</tt> tree as follows: </p><p>RCU currently permits up to a four-level tree, which on a 64-bit system accommodates up to 4,194,304 CPUs, though only a mere 524,288 CPUs for 32-bit systems. -On the other hand, you can set <tt>CONFIG_RCU_FANOUT</tt> to be -as small as 2 if you wish, which would permit only 16 CPUs, which -is useful for testing. +On the other hand, you can set both <tt>CONFIG_RCU_FANOUT</tt> and +<tt>CONFIG_RCU_FANOUT_LEAF</tt> to be as small as 2, which would result +in a 16-CPU test using a 4-level tree. +This can be useful for testing large-system capabilities on small test +machines. </p><p>This multi-level combining tree allows us to get most of the performance and scalability @@ -154,44 +154,9 @@ on that root <tt>rcu_node</tt> structure remains acceptably low. keeping lock contention under control at all tree levels regardless of the level of loading on the system. -</p><p>The Linux kernel actually supports multiple flavors of RCU -running concurrently, so RCU builds separate data structures for each -flavor. -For example, for <tt>CONFIG_TREE_RCU=y</tt> kernels, RCU provides -rcu_sched and rcu_bh, as shown below: - -</p><p><img src="BigTreeClassicRCUBH.svg" alt="BigTreeClassicRCUBH.svg" width="33%"> - -</p><p>Energy efficiency is increasingly important, and for that -reason the Linux kernel provides <tt>CONFIG_NO_HZ_IDLE</tt>, which -turns off the scheduling-clock interrupts on idle CPUs, which in -turn allows those CPUs to attain deeper sleep states and to consume -less energy. -CPUs whose scheduling-clock interrupts have been turned off are -said to be in <i>dyntick-idle mode</i>. -RCU must handle dyntick-idle CPUs specially -because RCU would otherwise wake up each CPU on every grace period, -which would defeat the whole purpose of <tt>CONFIG_NO_HZ_IDLE</tt>. -RCU uses the <tt>rcu_dynticks</tt> structure to track -which CPUs are in dyntick idle mode, as shown below: - -</p><p><img src="BigTreeClassicRCUBHdyntick.svg" alt="BigTreeClassicRCUBHdyntick.svg" width="33%"> - -</p><p>However, if a CPU is in dyntick-idle mode, it is in that mode -for all flavors of RCU. -Therefore, a single <tt>rcu_dynticks</tt> structure is allocated per -CPU, and all of a given CPU's <tt>rcu_data</tt> structures share -that <tt>rcu_dynticks</tt>, as shown in the figure. - -</p><p>Kernels built with <tt>CONFIG_PREEMPT_RCU</tt> support -rcu_preempt in addition to rcu_sched and rcu_bh, as shown below: - -</p><p><img src="BigTreePreemptRCUBHdyntick.svg" alt="BigTreePreemptRCUBHdyntick.svg" width="35%"> - </p><p>RCU updaters wait for normal grace periods by registering RCU callbacks, either directly via <tt>call_rcu()</tt> and friends (namely <tt>call_rcu_bh()</tt> and <tt>call_rcu_sched()</tt>), -there being a separate interface per flavor of RCU) or indirectly via <tt>synchronize_rcu()</tt> and friends. RCU callbacks are represented by <tt>rcu_head</tt> structures, which are queued on <tt>rcu_data</tt> structures while they are @@ -214,9 +179,6 @@ its own synchronization: <li> Each <tt>rcu_node</tt> structure has a spinlock. <li> The fields in <tt>rcu_data</tt> are private to the corresponding CPU, although a few can be read and written by other CPUs. -<li> Similarly, the fields in <tt>rcu_dynticks</tt> are private - to the corresponding CPU, although a few can be read by - other CPUs. </ol> <p>It is important to note that different data structures can have @@ -272,11 +234,6 @@ follows: access to this information from the corresponding CPU. Finally, this structure records past dyntick-idle state for the corresponding CPU and also tracks statistics. -<li> <tt>rcu_dynticks</tt>: - This per-CPU structure tracks the current dyntick-idle - state for the corresponding CPU. - Unlike the other three structures, the <tt>rcu_dynticks</tt> - structure is not replicated per RCU flavor. <li> <tt>rcu_head</tt>: This structure represents RCU callbacks, and is the only structure allocated and managed by RCU users. @@ -287,14 +244,14 @@ follows: <p>If all you wanted from this article was a general notion of how RCU's data structures are related, you are done. Otherwise, each of the following sections give more details on -the <tt>rcu_state</tt>, <tt>rcu_node</tt>, <tt>rcu_data</tt>, -and <tt>rcu_dynticks</tt> data structures. +the <tt>rcu_state</tt>, <tt>rcu_node</tt> and <tt>rcu_data</tt> data +structures. <h3><a name="The rcu_state Structure"> The <tt>rcu_state</tt> Structure</a></h3> <p>The <tt>rcu_state</tt> structure is the base structure that -represents a flavor of RCU. +represents the state of RCU in the system. This structure forms the interconnection between the <tt>rcu_node</tt> and <tt>rcu_data</tt> structures, tracks grace periods, contains the lock used to @@ -389,7 +346,7 @@ sequence number. The bottom two bits are the state of the current grace period, which can be zero for not yet started or one for in progress. In other words, if the bottom two bits of <tt>->gp_seq</tt> are -zero, the corresponding flavor of RCU is idle. +zero, then RCU is idle. Any other value in the bottom two bits indicates that something is broken. This field is protected by the root <tt>rcu_node</tt> structure's <tt>->lock</tt> field. @@ -419,10 +376,10 @@ as follows: grace period in jiffies. It is protected by the root <tt>rcu_node</tt>'s <tt>->lock</tt>. -<p>The <tt>->name</tt> field points to the name of the RCU flavor -(for example, “rcu_sched”), and is constant. -The <tt>->abbr</tt> field contains a one-character abbreviation, -for example, “s” for RCU-sched. +<p>The <tt>->name</tt> and <tt>->abbr</tt> fields distinguish +between preemptible RCU (“rcu_preempt” and “p”) +and non-preemptible RCU (“rcu_sched” and “s”). +These fields are used for diagnostic and tracing purposes. <h3><a name="The rcu_node Structure"> The <tt>rcu_node</tt> Structure</a></h3> @@ -971,25 +928,31 @@ this <tt>rcu_segcblist</tt> structure, <i>not</i> the <tt>->head</tt> pointer. The reason for this is that all the ready-to-invoke callbacks (that is, those in the <tt>RCU_DONE_TAIL</tt> segment) are extracted -all at once at callback-invocation time. +all at once at callback-invocation time (<tt>rcu_do_batch</tt>), due +to which <tt>->head</tt> may be set to NULL if there are no not-done +callbacks remaining in the <tt>rcu_segcblist</tt>. If callback invocation must be postponed, for example, because a high-priority process just woke up on this CPU, then the remaining -callbacks are placed back on the <tt>RCU_DONE_TAIL</tt> segment. -Either way, the <tt>->len</tt> and <tt>->len_lazy</tt> counts -are adjusted after the corresponding callbacks have been invoked, and so -again it is the <tt>->len</tt> count that accurately reflects whether -or not there are callbacks associated with this <tt>rcu_segcblist</tt> -structure. +callbacks are placed back on the <tt>RCU_DONE_TAIL</tt> segment and +<tt>->head</tt> once again points to the start of the segment. +In short, the head field can briefly be <tt>NULL</tt> even though the +CPU has callbacks present the entire time. +Therefore, it is not appropriate to test the <tt>->head</tt> pointer +for <tt>NULL</tt>. + +<p>In contrast, the <tt>->len</tt> and <tt>->len_lazy</tt> counts +are adjusted only after the corresponding callbacks have been invoked. +This means that the <tt>->len</tt> count is zero only if +the <tt>rcu_segcblist</tt> structure really is devoid of callbacks. Of course, off-CPU sampling of the <tt>->len</tt> count requires -the use of appropriate synchronization, for example, memory barriers. +careful use of appropriate synchronization, for example, memory barriers. This synchronization can be a bit subtle, particularly in the case of <tt>rcu_barrier()</tt>. <h3><a name="The rcu_data Structure"> The <tt>rcu_data</tt> Structure</a></h3> -<p>The <tt>rcu_data</tt> maintains the per-CPU state for the -corresponding flavor of RCU. +<p>The <tt>rcu_data</tt> maintains the per-CPU state for the RCU subsystem. The fields in this structure may be accessed only from the corresponding CPU (and from tracing) unless otherwise stated. This structure is the @@ -1015,30 +978,19 @@ as follows: <pre> 1 int cpu; - 2 struct rcu_state *rsp; - 3 struct rcu_node *mynode; - 4 struct rcu_dynticks *dynticks; - 5 unsigned long grpmask; - 6 bool beenonline; + 2 struct rcu_node *mynode; + 3 unsigned long grpmask; + 4 bool beenonline; </pre> <p>The <tt>->cpu</tt> field contains the number of the -corresponding CPU, the <tt>->rsp</tt> pointer references -the corresponding <tt>rcu_state</tt> structure (and is most frequently -used to locate the name of the corresponding flavor of RCU for tracing), -and the <tt>->mynode</tt> field references the corresponding -<tt>rcu_node</tt> structure. +corresponding CPU and the <tt>->mynode</tt> field references the +corresponding <tt>rcu_node</tt> structure. The <tt>->mynode</tt> is used to propagate quiescent states up the combining tree. -<p>The <tt>->dynticks</tt> pointer references the -<tt>rcu_dynticks</tt> structure corresponding to this -CPU. -Recall that a single per-CPU instance of the <tt>rcu_dynticks</tt> -structure is shared among all flavors of RCU. -These first four fields are constant and therefore require not -synchronization. +These two fields are constant and therefore do not require synchronization. -</p><p>The <tt>->grpmask</tt> field indicates the bit in +<p>The <tt>->grpmask</tt> field indicates the bit in the <tt>->mynode->qsmask</tt> corresponding to this <tt>rcu_data</tt> structure, and is also used when propagating quiescent states. @@ -1057,12 +1009,12 @@ as follows: 3 bool cpu_no_qs; 4 bool core_needs_qs; 5 bool gpwrap; - 6 unsigned long rcu_qs_ctr_snap; </pre> -<p>The <tt>->gp_seq</tt> and <tt>->gp_seq_needed</tt> -fields are the counterparts of the fields of the same name -in the <tt>rcu_state</tt> and <tt>rcu_node</tt> structures. +<p>The <tt>->gp_seq</tt> field is the counterpart of the field of the same +name in the <tt>rcu_state</tt> and <tt>rcu_node</tt> structures. The +<tt>->gp_seq_needed</tt> field is the counterpart of the field of the same +name in the rcu_node</tt> structure. They may each lag up to one behind their <tt>rcu_node</tt> counterparts, but in <tt>CONFIG_NO_HZ_IDLE</tt> and <tt>CONFIG_NO_HZ_FULL</tt> kernels can lag @@ -1103,10 +1055,6 @@ CPU has remained idle for so long that the <tt>gp_seq</tt> counter is in danger of overflow, which will cause the CPU to disregard the values of its counters on its next exit from idle. -Finally, the <tt>rcu_qs_ctr_snap</tt> field is used to detect -cases where a given operation has resulted in a quiescent state -for all flavors of RCU, for example, <tt>cond_resched()</tt> -when RCU has indicated a need for quiescent states. <h5>RCU Callback Handling</h5> @@ -1179,26 +1127,22 @@ Finally, the <tt>->dynticks_fqs</tt> field is used to count the number of times this CPU is determined to be in dyntick-idle state, and is used for tracing and debugging purposes. -<h3><a name="The rcu_dynticks Structure"> -The <tt>rcu_dynticks</tt> Structure</a></h3> - -<p>The <tt>rcu_dynticks</tt> maintains the per-CPU dyntick-idle state -for the corresponding CPU. -Unlike the other structures, <tt>rcu_dynticks</tt> is not -replicated over the different flavors of RCU. -The fields in this structure may be accessed only from the corresponding -CPU (and from tracing) unless otherwise stated. -Its fields are as follows: +<p> +This portion of the rcu_data structure is declared as follows: <pre> 1 long dynticks_nesting; 2 long dynticks_nmi_nesting; 3 atomic_t dynticks; 4 bool rcu_need_heavy_qs; - 5 unsigned long rcu_qs_ctr; - 6 bool rcu_urgent_qs; + 5 bool rcu_urgent_qs; </pre> +<p>These fields in the rcu_data structure maintain the per-CPU dyntick-idle +state for the corresponding CPU. +The fields may be accessed only from the corresponding CPU (and from tracing) +unless otherwise stated. + <p>The <tt>->dynticks_nesting</tt> field counts the nesting depth of process execution, so that in normal circumstances this counter has value zero or one. @@ -1240,19 +1184,12 @@ it is willing to call for heavy-weight dyntick-counter operations. This flag is checked by RCU's context-switch and <tt>cond_resched()</tt> code, which provide a momentary idle sojourn in response. -</p><p>The <tt>->rcu_qs_ctr</tt> field is used to record -quiescent states from <tt>cond_resched()</tt>. -Because <tt>cond_resched()</tt> can execute quite frequently, this -must be quite lightweight, as in a non-atomic increment of this -per-CPU field. - </p><p>Finally, the <tt>->rcu_urgent_qs</tt> field is used to record -the fact that the RCU core code would really like to see a quiescent -state from the corresponding CPU, with the various other fields indicating -just how badly RCU wants this quiescent state. -This flag is checked by RCU's context-switch and <tt>cond_resched()</tt> -code, which, if nothing else, non-atomically increment <tt>->rcu_qs_ctr</tt> -in response. +the fact that the RCU core code would really like to see a quiescent state from +the corresponding CPU, with the various other fields indicating just how badly +RCU wants this quiescent state. +This flag is checked by RCU's context-switch path +(<tt>rcu_note_context_switch</tt>) and the cond_resched code. <table> <tr><th> </th></tr> @@ -1425,11 +1362,11 @@ the last part of the array, thus traversing only the leaf <h3><a name="Summary"> Summary</a></h3> -So each flavor of RCU is represented by an <tt>rcu_state</tt> structure, +So the state of RCU is represented by an <tt>rcu_state</tt> structure, which contains a combining tree of <tt>rcu_node</tt> and <tt>rcu_data</tt> structures. Finally, in <tt>CONFIG_NO_HZ_IDLE</tt> kernels, each CPU's dyntick-idle -state is tracked by an <tt>rcu_dynticks</tt> structure. +state is tracked by dynticks-related fields in the <tt>rcu_data</tt> structure. 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inkscape:current-layer="g4114-9-3-9" + inkscape:current-layer="g4" inkscape:snap-grids="false" fit-margin-top="5" fit-margin-right="5" @@ -813,14 +813,18 @@ <text sodipodi:linespacing="125%" id="text4110-5-7-6-2-4-0" - y="841.88086" + y="670.74316" x="1460.1007" style="font-size:267.24359131px;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;line-height:125%;letter-spacing:0px;word-spacing:0px;text-anchor:middle;fill:#000000;fill-opacity:1;stroke:none;font-family:Sans" xml:space="preserve"><tspan - y="841.88086" + y="670.74316" + x="1460.1007" + sodipodi:role="line" + id="tspan4925-1-2-4-5">Request</tspan><tspan + y="1004.7976" x="1460.1007" sodipodi:role="line" - id="tspan4925-1-2-4-5">reched_cpu()</tspan></text> + id="tspan3100">context switch</tspan></text> </g> </g> </svg> diff --git a/Documentation/RCU/Design/Expedited-Grace-Periods/Expedited-Grace-Periods.html b/Documentation/RCU/Design/Expedited-Grace-Periods/Expedited-Grace-Periods.html index e62c7c34a369..19e7a5fb6b73 100644 --- a/Documentation/RCU/Design/Expedited-Grace-Periods/Expedited-Grace-Periods.html +++ b/Documentation/RCU/Design/Expedited-Grace-Periods/Expedited-Grace-Periods.html @@ -72,10 +72,10 @@ will ignore it because idle and offline CPUs are already residing in quiescent states. Otherwise, the expedited grace period will use <tt>smp_call_function_single()</tt> to send the CPU an IPI, which -is handled by <tt>sync_rcu_exp_handler()</tt>. +is handled by <tt>rcu_exp_handler()</tt>. <p> -However, because this is preemptible RCU, <tt>sync_rcu_exp_handler()</tt> +However, because this is preemptible RCU, <tt>rcu_exp_handler()</tt> can check to see if the CPU is currently running in an RCU read-side critical section. If not, the handler can immediately report a quiescent state. @@ -145,24 +145,23 @@ expedited grace period is shown in the following diagram: <p><img src="ExpSchedFlow.svg" alt="ExpSchedFlow.svg" width="55%"> <p> -As with RCU-preempt's <tt>synchronize_rcu_expedited()</tt>, +As with RCU-preempt, RCU-sched's <tt>synchronize_sched_expedited()</tt> ignores offline and idle CPUs, again because they are in remotely detectable quiescent states. -However, the <tt>synchronize_rcu_expedited()</tt> handler -is <tt>sync_sched_exp_handler()</tt>, and because the +However, because the <tt>rcu_read_lock_sched()</tt> and <tt>rcu_read_unlock_sched()</tt> leave no trace of their invocation, in general it is not possible to tell whether or not the current CPU is in an RCU read-side critical section. -The best that <tt>sync_sched_exp_handler()</tt> can do is to check +The best that RCU-sched's <tt>rcu_exp_handler()</tt> can do is to check for idle, on the off-chance that the CPU went idle while the IPI was in flight. -If the CPU is idle, then <tt>sync_sched_exp_handler()</tt> reports +If the CPU is idle, then <tt>rcu_exp_handler()</tt> reports the quiescent state. -<p> -Otherwise, the handler invokes <tt>resched_cpu()</tt>, which forces -a future context switch. +<p> Otherwise, the handler forces a future context switch by setting the +NEED_RESCHED flag of the current task's thread flag and the CPU preempt +counter. At the time of the context switch, the CPU reports the quiescent state. Should the CPU go offline first, it will report the quiescent state at that time. @@ -298,19 +297,18 @@ Instead, the task pushing the grace period forward will include the idle CPUs in the mask passed to <tt>rcu_report_exp_cpu_mult()</tt>. <p> -For RCU-sched, there is an additional check for idle in the IPI -handler, <tt>sync_sched_exp_handler()</tt>. +For RCU-sched, there is an additional check: If the IPI has interrupted the idle loop, then -<tt>sync_sched_exp_handler()</tt> invokes <tt>rcu_report_exp_rdp()</tt> +<tt>rcu_exp_handler()</tt> invokes <tt>rcu_report_exp_rdp()</tt> to report the corresponding quiescent state. <p> For RCU-preempt, there is no specific check for idle in the -IPI handler (<tt>sync_rcu_exp_handler()</tt>), but because +IPI handler (<tt>rcu_exp_handler()</tt>), but because RCU read-side critical sections are not permitted within the -idle loop, if <tt>sync_rcu_exp_handler()</tt> sees that the CPU is within +idle loop, if <tt>rcu_exp_handler()</tt> sees that the CPU is within RCU read-side critical section, the CPU cannot possibly be idle. -Otherwise, <tt>sync_rcu_exp_handler()</tt> invokes +Otherwise, <tt>rcu_exp_handler()</tt> invokes <tt>rcu_report_exp_rdp()</tt> to report the corresponding quiescent state, regardless of whether or not that quiescent state was due to the CPU being idle. @@ -625,6 +623,8 @@ checks, but only during the mid-boot dead zone. <p> With this refinement, synchronous grace periods can now be used from task context pretty much any time during the life of the kernel. +That is, aside from some points in the suspend, hibernate, or shutdown +code path. <h3><a name="Summary"> Summary</a></h3> diff --git a/Documentation/RCU/Design/Memory-Ordering/Tree-RCU-Memory-Ordering.html b/Documentation/RCU/Design/Memory-Ordering/Tree-RCU-Memory-Ordering.html index a346ce0116eb..8d21af02b1f0 100644 --- a/Documentation/RCU/Design/Memory-Ordering/Tree-RCU-Memory-Ordering.html +++ b/Documentation/RCU/Design/Memory-Ordering/Tree-RCU-Memory-Ordering.html @@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ The key point is that the lock-acquisition functions, including <tt>smp_mb__after_unlock_lock()</tt> immediately after successful acquisition of the lock. -<p>Therefore, for any given <tt>rcu_node</tt> struction, any access +<p>Therefore, for any given <tt>rcu_node</tt> structure, any access happening before one of the above lock-release functions will be seen by all CPUs as happening before any access happening after a later one of the above lock-acquisition functions. @@ -485,13 +485,13 @@ section that the grace period must wait on. noted by <tt>rcu_node_context_switch()</tt> on the left. On the other hand, if the CPU takes a scheduler-clock interrupt while executing in usermode, a quiescent state will be noted by -<tt>rcu_check_callbacks()</tt> on the right. +<tt>rcu_sched_clock_irq()</tt> on the right. Either way, the passage through a quiescent state will be noted in a per-CPU variable. <p>The next time an <tt>RCU_SOFTIRQ</tt> handler executes on this CPU (for example, after the next scheduler-clock -interrupt), <tt>__rcu_process_callbacks()</tt> will invoke +interrupt), <tt>rcu_core()</tt> will invoke <tt>rcu_check_quiescent_state()</tt>, which will notice the recorded quiescent state, and invoke <tt>rcu_report_qs_rdp()</tt>. @@ -651,7 +651,7 @@ to end. These callbacks are identified by <tt>rcu_advance_cbs()</tt>, which is usually invoked by <tt>__note_gp_changes()</tt>. As shown in the diagram below, this invocation can be triggered by -the scheduling-clock interrupt (<tt>rcu_check_callbacks()</tt> on +the scheduling-clock interrupt (<tt>rcu_sched_clock_irq()</tt> on the left) or by idle entry (<tt>rcu_cleanup_after_idle()</tt> on the right, but only for kernels build with <tt>CONFIG_RCU_FAST_NO_HZ=y</tt>). diff --git a/Documentation/RCU/Design/Memory-Ordering/TreeRCU-callback-invocation.svg b/Documentation/RCU/Design/Memory-Ordering/TreeRCU-callback-invocation.svg index 832408313d93..3fcf0c17cef2 100644 --- a/Documentation/RCU/Design/Memory-Ordering/TreeRCU-callback-invocation.svg +++ b/Documentation/RCU/Design/Memory-Ordering/TreeRCU-callback-invocation.svg @@ -349,7 +349,7 @@ font-weight="bold" font-size="192" id="text202-7-5" - style="font-size:192px;font-style:normal;font-weight:bold;text-anchor:start;fill:#000000;stroke-width:0.025in;font-family:Courier">rcu_check_callbacks()</text> + style="font-size:192px;font-style:normal;font-weight:bold;text-anchor:start;fill:#000000;stroke-width:0.025in;font-family:Courier">rcu_sched_clock_irq()</text> <rect x="7069.6187" y="5087.4678" diff --git a/Documentation/RCU/Design/Memory-Ordering/TreeRCU-gp.svg b/Documentation/RCU/Design/Memory-Ordering/TreeRCU-gp.svg index acd73c7ad0f4..2bcd742d6e49 100644 --- a/Documentation/RCU/Design/Memory-Ordering/TreeRCU-gp.svg +++ b/Documentation/RCU/Design/Memory-Ordering/TreeRCU-gp.svg @@ -3902,7 +3902,7 @@ font-style="normal" y="-4418.6582" x="3745.7725" - xml:space="preserve">rcu_check_callbacks()</text> + xml:space="preserve">rcu_sched_clock_irq()</text> </g> <g transform="translate(-850.30204,55463.106)" @@ -3924,7 +3924,7 @@ font-style="normal" y="-4418.6582" x="3745.7725" - xml:space="preserve">rcu_process_callbacks()</text> + xml:space="preserve">rcu_core()</text> <text style="font-size:192px;font-style:normal;font-weight:bold;text-anchor:start;fill:#000000;stroke-width:0.025in;font-family:Courier" id="text202-7-5-3-27-0" @@ -3933,7 +3933,7 @@ font-style="normal" y="-4165.7954" x="3745.7725" - xml:space="preserve">rcu_check_quiescent_state())</text> + xml:space="preserve">rcu_check_quiescent_state()</text> <text style="font-size:192px;font-style:normal;font-weight:bold;text-anchor:start;fill:#000000;stroke-width:0.025in;font-family:Courier" id="text202-7-5-3-27-0-9" @@ -4968,7 +4968,7 @@ font-weight="bold" font-size="192" id="text202-7-5-19" - style="font-size:192px;font-style:normal;font-weight:bold;text-anchor:start;fill:#000000;stroke-width:0.025in;font-family:Courier">rcu_check_callbacks()</text> + style="font-size:192px;font-style:normal;font-weight:bold;text-anchor:start;fill:#000000;stroke-width:0.025in;font-family:Courier">rcu_sched_clock_irq()</text> <rect x="5314.2671" y="82817.688" diff --git a/Documentation/RCU/Design/Memory-Ordering/TreeRCU-qs.svg b/Documentation/RCU/Design/Memory-Ordering/TreeRCU-qs.svg index 149bec2a4493..779c9ac31a52 100644 --- a/Documentation/RCU/Design/Memory-Ordering/TreeRCU-qs.svg +++ b/Documentation/RCU/Design/Memory-Ordering/TreeRCU-qs.svg @@ -775,7 +775,7 @@ font-style="normal" y="-4418.6582" x="3745.7725" - xml:space="preserve">rcu_check_callbacks()</text> + xml:space="preserve">rcu_sched_clock_irq()</text> </g> <g transform="translate(399.7744,828.86448)" @@ -797,7 +797,7 @@ font-style="normal" y="-4418.6582" x="3745.7725" - xml:space="preserve">rcu_process_callbacks()</text> + xml:space="preserve">rcu_core()</text> <text style="font-size:192px;font-style:normal;font-weight:bold;text-anchor:start;fill:#000000;stroke-width:0.025in;font-family:Courier" id="text202-7-5-3-27-0" @@ -806,7 +806,7 @@ font-style="normal" y="-4165.7954" x="3745.7725" - xml:space="preserve">rcu_check_quiescent_state())</text> + xml:space="preserve">rcu_check_quiescent_state()</text> <text style="font-size:192px;font-style:normal;font-weight:bold;text-anchor:start;fill:#000000;stroke-width:0.025in;font-family:Courier" id="text202-7-5-3-27-0-9" diff --git a/Documentation/RCU/Design/Requirements/Requirements.html b/Documentation/RCU/Design/Requirements/Requirements.html index 43c4e2f05f40..5a9238a2883c 100644 --- a/Documentation/RCU/Design/Requirements/Requirements.html +++ b/Documentation/RCU/Design/Requirements/Requirements.html @@ -900,8 +900,6 @@ Except where otherwise noted, these non-guarantees were premeditated. Grace Periods Don't Partition Read-Side Critical Sections</a> <li> <a href="#Read-Side Critical Sections Don't Partition Grace Periods"> Read-Side Critical Sections Don't Partition Grace Periods</a> -<li> <a href="#Disabling Preemption Does Not Block Grace Periods"> - Disabling Preemption Does Not Block Grace Periods</a> </ol> <h3><a name="Readers Impose Minimal Ordering">Readers Impose Minimal Ordering</a></h3> @@ -1259,54 +1257,6 @@ of RCU grace periods. <tr><td> </td></tr> </table> -<h3><a name="Disabling Preemption Does Not Block Grace Periods"> -Disabling Preemption Does Not Block Grace Periods</a></h3> - -<p> -There was a time when disabling preemption on any given CPU would block -subsequent grace periods. -However, this was an accident of implementation and is not a requirement. -And in the current Linux-kernel implementation, disabling preemption -on a given CPU in fact does not block grace periods, as Oleg Nesterov -<a href="https://lkml.kernel.org/g/20150614193825.GA19582@redhat.com">demonstrated</a>. - -<p> -If you need a preempt-disable region to block grace periods, you need to add -<tt>rcu_read_lock()</tt> and <tt>rcu_read_unlock()</tt>, for example -as follows: - -<blockquote> -<pre> - 1 preempt_disable(); - 2 rcu_read_lock(); - 3 do_something(); - 4 rcu_read_unlock(); - 5 preempt_enable(); - 6 - 7 /* Spinlocks implicitly disable preemption. */ - 8 spin_lock(&mylock); - 9 rcu_read_lock(); -10 do_something(); -11 rcu_read_unlock(); -12 spin_unlock(&mylock); -</pre> -</blockquote> - -<p> -In theory, you could enter the RCU read-side critical section first, -but it is more efficient to keep the entire RCU read-side critical -section contained in the preempt-disable region as shown above. -Of course, RCU read-side critical sections that extend outside of -preempt-disable regions will work correctly, but such critical sections -can be preempted, which forces <tt>rcu_read_unlock()</tt> to do -more work. -And no, this is <i>not</i> an invitation to enclose all of your RCU -read-side critical sections within preempt-disable regions, because -doing so would degrade real-time response. - -<p> -This non-requirement appeared with preemptible RCU. - <h2><a name="Parallelism Facts of Life">Parallelism Facts of Life</a></h2> <p> @@ -1381,6 +1331,7 @@ Classes of quality-of-implementation requirements are as follows: <ol> <li> <a href="#Specialization">Specialization</a> <li> <a href="#Performance and Scalability">Performance and Scalability</a> +<li> <a href="#Forward Progress">Forward Progress</a> <li> <a href="#Composability">Composability</a> <li> <a href="#Corner Cases">Corner Cases</a> </ol> @@ -1645,7 +1596,7 @@ used in place of <tt>synchronize_rcu()</tt> as follows: 16 struct foo *p; 17 18 spin_lock(&gp_lock); -19 p = rcu_dereference(gp); +19 p = rcu_access_pointer(gp); 20 if (!p) { 21 spin_unlock(&gp_lock); 22 return false; @@ -1822,6 +1773,106 @@ so it is too early to tell whether they will stand the test of time. RCU thus provides a range of tools to allow updaters to strike the required tradeoff between latency, flexibility and CPU overhead. +<h3><a name="Forward Progress">Forward Progress</a></h3> + +<p> +In theory, delaying grace-period completion and callback invocation +is harmless. +In practice, not only are memory sizes finite but also callbacks sometimes +do wakeups, and sufficiently deferred wakeups can be difficult +to distinguish from system hangs. +Therefore, RCU must provide a number of mechanisms to promote forward +progress. + +<p> +These mechanisms are not foolproof, nor can they be. +For one simple example, an infinite loop in an RCU read-side critical +section must by definition prevent later grace periods from ever completing. +For a more involved example, consider a 64-CPU system built with +<tt>CONFIG_RCU_NOCB_CPU=y</tt> and booted with <tt>rcu_nocbs=1-63</tt>, +where CPUs 1 through 63 spin in tight loops that invoke +<tt>call_rcu()</tt>. +Even if these tight loops also contain calls to <tt>cond_resched()</tt> +(thus allowing grace periods to complete), CPU 0 simply will +not be able to invoke callbacks as fast as the other 63 CPUs can +register them, at least not until the system runs out of memory. +In both of these examples, the Spiderman principle applies: With great +power comes great responsibility. +However, short of this level of abuse, RCU is required to +ensure timely completion of grace periods and timely invocation of +callbacks. + +<p> +RCU takes the following steps to encourage timely completion of +grace periods: + +<ol> +<li> If a grace period fails to complete within 100 milliseconds, + RCU causes future invocations of <tt>cond_resched()</tt> on + the holdout CPUs to provide an RCU quiescent state. + RCU also causes those CPUs' <tt>need_resched()</tt> invocations + to return <tt>true</tt>, but only after the corresponding CPU's + next scheduling-clock. +<li> CPUs mentioned in the <tt>nohz_full</tt> kernel boot parameter + can run indefinitely in the kernel without scheduling-clock + interrupts, which defeats the above <tt>need_resched()</tt> + strategem. + RCU will therefore invoke <tt>resched_cpu()</tt> on any + <tt>nohz_full</tt> CPUs still holding out after + 109 milliseconds. +<li> In kernels built with <tt>CONFIG_RCU_BOOST=y</tt>, if a given + task that has been preempted within an RCU read-side critical + section is holding out for more than 500 milliseconds, + RCU will resort to priority boosting. +<li> If a CPU is still holding out 10 seconds into the grace + period, RCU will invoke <tt>resched_cpu()</tt> on it regardless + of its <tt>nohz_full</tt> state. +</ol> + +<p> +The above values are defaults for systems running with <tt>HZ=1000</tt>. +They will vary as the value of <tt>HZ</tt> varies, and can also be +changed using the relevant Kconfig options and kernel boot parameters. +RCU currently does not do much sanity checking of these +parameters, so please use caution when changing them. +Note that these forward-progress measures are provided only for RCU, +not for +<a href="#Sleepable RCU">SRCU</a> or +<a href="#Tasks RCU">Tasks RCU</a>. + +<p> +RCU takes the following steps in <tt>call_rcu()</tt> to encourage timely +invocation of callbacks when any given non-<tt>rcu_nocbs</tt> CPU has +10,000 callbacks, or has 10,000 more callbacks than it had the last time +encouragement was provided: + +<ol> +<li> Starts a grace period, if one is not already in progress. +<li> Forces immediate checking for quiescent states, rather than + waiting for three milliseconds to have elapsed since the + beginning of the grace period. +<li> Immediately tags the CPU's callbacks with their grace period + completion numbers, rather than waiting for the <tt>RCU_SOFTIRQ</tt> + handler to get around to it. +<li> Lifts callback-execution batch limits, which speeds up callback + invocation at the expense of degrading realtime response. +</ol> + +<p> +Again, these are default values when running at <tt>HZ=1000</tt>, +and can be overridden. +Again, these forward-progress measures are provided only for RCU, +not for +<a href="#Sleepable RCU">SRCU</a> or +<a href="#Tasks RCU">Tasks RCU</a>. +Even for RCU, callback-invocation forward progress for <tt>rcu_nocbs</tt> +CPUs is much less well-developed, in part because workloads benefiting +from <tt>rcu_nocbs</tt> CPUs tend to invoke <tt>call_rcu()</tt> +relatively infrequently. +If workloads emerge that need both <tt>rcu_nocbs</tt> CPUs and high +<tt>call_rcu()</tt> invocation rates, then additional forward-progress +work will be required. + <h3><a name="Composability">Composability</a></h3> <p> @@ -2272,7 +2323,7 @@ that meets this requirement. Furthermore, NMI handlers can be interrupted by what appear to RCU to be normal interrupts. One way that this can happen is for code that directly invokes -<tt>rcu_irq_enter()</tt> and </tt>rcu_irq_exit()</tt> to be called +<tt>rcu_irq_enter()</tt> and <tt>rcu_irq_exit()</tt> to be called from an NMI handler. This astonishing fact of life prompted the current code structure, which has <tt>rcu_irq_enter()</tt> invoking <tt>rcu_nmi_enter()</tt> @@ -2294,7 +2345,7 @@ via <tt>del_timer_sync()</tt> or similar. <p> Unfortunately, there is no way to cancel an RCU callback; once you invoke <tt>call_rcu()</tt>, the callback function is -going to eventually be invoked, unless the system goes down first. +eventually going to be invoked, unless the system goes down first. Because it is normally considered socially irresponsible to crash the system in response to a module unload request, we need some other way to deal with in-flight RCU callbacks. @@ -2424,23 +2475,37 @@ for context-switch-heavy <tt>CONFIG_NO_HZ_FULL=y</tt> workloads, but there is room for further improvement. <p> -In the past, it was forbidden to disable interrupts across an -<tt>rcu_read_unlock()</tt> unless that interrupt-disabled region -of code also included the matching <tt>rcu_read_lock()</tt>. -Violating this restriction could result in deadlocks involving the -scheduler's runqueue and priority-inheritance spinlocks. -This restriction was lifted when interrupt-disabled calls to -<tt>rcu_read_unlock()</tt> started deferring the reporting of -the resulting RCU-preempt quiescent state until the end of that +It is forbidden to hold any of scheduler's runqueue or priority-inheritance +spinlocks across an <tt>rcu_read_unlock()</tt> unless interrupts have been +disabled across the entire RCU read-side critical section, that is, +up to and including the matching <tt>rcu_read_lock()</tt>. +Violating this restriction can result in deadlocks involving these +scheduler spinlocks. +There was hope that this restriction might be lifted when interrupt-disabled +calls to <tt>rcu_read_unlock()</tt> started deferring the reporting of +the resulting RCU-preempt quiescent state until the end of the corresponding interrupts-disabled region. -This deferred reporting means that the scheduler's runqueue and -priority-inheritance locks cannot be held while reporting an RCU-preempt -quiescent state, which lifts the earlier restriction, at least from -a deadlock perspective. -Unfortunately, real-time systems using RCU priority boosting may +Unfortunately, timely reporting of the corresponding quiescent state +to expedited grace periods requires a call to <tt>raise_softirq()</tt>, +which can acquire these scheduler spinlocks. +In addition, real-time systems using RCU priority boosting need this restriction to remain in effect because deferred -quiescent-state reporting also defers deboosting, which in turn -degrades real-time latencies. +quiescent-state reporting would also defer deboosting, which in turn +would degrade real-time latencies. + +<p> +In theory, if a given RCU read-side critical section could be +guaranteed to be less than one second in duration, holding a scheduler +spinlock across that critical section's <tt>rcu_read_unlock()</tt> +would require only that preemption be disabled across the entire +RCU read-side critical section, not interrupts. +Unfortunately, given the possibility of vCPU preemption, long-running +interrupts, and so on, it is not possible in practice to guarantee +that a given RCU read-side critical section will complete in less than +one second. +Therefore, as noted above, if scheduler spinlocks are held across +a given call to <tt>rcu_read_unlock()</tt>, interrupts must be +disabled across the entire RCU read-side critical section. <h3><a name="Tracing and RCU">Tracing and RCU</a></h3> @@ -3034,7 +3099,7 @@ If you block forever in one of a given domain's SRCU read-side critical sections, then that domain's grace periods will also be blocked forever. Of course, one good way to block forever is to deadlock, which can happen if any operation in a given domain's SRCU read-side critical -section can block waiting, either directly or indirectly, for that domain's +section can wait, either directly or indirectly, for that domain's grace period to elapse. For example, this results in a self-deadlock: @@ -3074,12 +3139,18 @@ API, which, in combination with <tt>srcu_read_unlock()</tt>, guarantees a full memory barrier. <p> -Also unlike other RCU flavors, SRCU's callbacks-wait function -<tt>srcu_barrier()</tt> may be invoked from CPU-hotplug notifiers, -though this is not necessarily a good idea. -The reason that this is possible is that SRCU is insensitive -to whether or not a CPU is online, which means that <tt>srcu_barrier()</tt> -need not exclude CPU-hotplug operations. +Also unlike other RCU flavors, <tt>synchronize_srcu()</tt> may <b>not</b> +be invoked from CPU-hotplug notifiers, due to the fact that SRCU grace +periods make use of timers and the possibility of timers being temporarily +“stranded” on the outgoing CPU. +This stranding of timers means that timers posted to the outgoing CPU +will not fire until late in the CPU-hotplug process. +The problem is that if a notifier is waiting on an SRCU grace period, +that grace period is waiting on a timer, and that timer is stranded on the +outgoing CPU, then the notifier will never be awakened, in other words, +deadlock has occurred. +This same situation of course also prohibits <tt>srcu_barrier()</tt> +from being invoked from CPU-hotplug notifiers. <p> SRCU also differs from other RCU flavors in that SRCU's expedited and @@ -3233,6 +3304,11 @@ For example, RCU callback overhead might be charged back to the originating <tt>call_rcu()</tt> instance, though probably not in production kernels. +<p> +Additional work may be required to provide reasonable forward-progress +guarantees under heavy load for grace periods and for callback +invocation. + <h2><a name="Summary">Summary</a></h2> <p> |
