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-rw-r--r--Documentation/cgroups/unified-hierarchy.txt79
1 files changed, 79 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/Documentation/cgroups/unified-hierarchy.txt b/Documentation/cgroups/unified-hierarchy.txt
index 4f4563277864..71daa35ec2d9 100644
--- a/Documentation/cgroups/unified-hierarchy.txt
+++ b/Documentation/cgroups/unified-hierarchy.txt
@@ -327,6 +327,85 @@ supported and the interface files "release_agent" and
- use_hierarchy is on by default and the cgroup file for the flag is
not created.
+- The original lower boundary, the soft limit, is defined as a limit
+ that is per default unset. As a result, the set of cgroups that
+ global reclaim prefers is opt-in, rather than opt-out. The costs
+ for optimizing these mostly negative lookups are so high that the
+ implementation, despite its enormous size, does not even provide the
+ basic desirable behavior. First off, the soft limit has no
+ hierarchical meaning. All configured groups are organized in a
+ global rbtree and treated like equal peers, regardless where they
+ are located in the hierarchy. This makes subtree delegation
+ impossible. Second, the soft limit reclaim pass is so aggressive
+ that it not just introduces high allocation latencies into the
+ system, but also impacts system performance due to overreclaim, to
+ the point where the feature becomes self-defeating.
+
+ The memory.low boundary on the other hand is a top-down allocated
+ reserve. A cgroup enjoys reclaim protection when it and all its
+ ancestors are below their low boundaries, which makes delegation of
+ subtrees possible. Secondly, new cgroups have no reserve per
+ default and in the common case most cgroups are eligible for the
+ preferred reclaim pass. This allows the new low boundary to be
+ efficiently implemented with just a minor addition to the generic
+ reclaim code, without the need for out-of-band data structures and
+ reclaim passes. Because the generic reclaim code considers all
+ cgroups except for the ones running low in the preferred first
+ reclaim pass, overreclaim of individual groups is eliminated as
+ well, resulting in much better overall workload performance.
+
+- The original high boundary, the hard limit, is defined as a strict
+ limit that can not budge, even if the OOM killer has to be called.
+ But this generally goes against the goal of making the most out of
+ the available memory. The memory consumption of workloads varies
+ during runtime, and that requires users to overcommit. But doing
+ that with a strict upper limit requires either a fairly accurate
+ prediction of the working set size or adding slack to the limit.
+ Since working set size estimation is hard and error prone, and
+ getting it wrong results in OOM kills, most users tend to err on the
+ side of a looser limit and end up wasting precious resources.
+
+ The memory.high boundary on the other hand can be set much more
+ conservatively. When hit, it throttles allocations by forcing them
+ into direct reclaim to work off the excess, but it never invokes the
+ OOM killer. As a result, a high boundary that is chosen too
+ aggressively will not terminate the processes, but instead it will
+ lead to gradual performance degradation. The user can monitor this
+ and make corrections until the minimal memory footprint that still
+ gives acceptable performance is found.
+
+ In extreme cases, with many concurrent allocations and a complete
+ breakdown of reclaim progress within the group, the high boundary
+ can be exceeded. But even then it's mostly better to satisfy the
+ allocation from the slack available in other groups or the rest of
+ the system than killing the group. Otherwise, memory.max is there
+ to limit this type of spillover and ultimately contain buggy or even
+ malicious applications.
+
+- The original control file names are unwieldy and inconsistent in
+ many different ways. For example, the upper boundary hit count is
+ exported in the memory.failcnt file, but an OOM event count has to
+ be manually counted by listening to memory.oom_control events, and
+ lower boundary / soft limit events have to be counted by first
+ setting a threshold for that value and then counting those events.
+ Also, usage and limit files encode their units in the filename.
+ That makes the filenames very long, even though this is not
+ information that a user needs to be reminded of every time they type
+ out those names.
+
+ To address these naming issues, as well as to signal clearly that
+ the new interface carries a new configuration model, the naming
+ conventions in it necessarily differ from the old interface.
+
+- The original limit files indicate the state of an unset limit with a
+ Very High Number, and a configured limit can be unset by echoing -1
+ into those files. But that very high number is implementation and
+ architecture dependent and not very descriptive. And while -1 can
+ be understood as an underflow into the highest possible value, -2 or
+ -10M etc. do not work, so it's not consistent.
+
+ memory.low, memory.high, and memory.max will use the string
+ "infinity" to indicate and set the highest possible value.
5. Planned Changes