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All call sites for randomize_range have been updated to use the much
simpler and more robust randomize_addr(). Remove the now unnecessary
code.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20160803233913.32511-8-jason@lakedaemon.net
Signed-off-by: Jason Cooper <jason@lakedaemon.net>
Acked-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Cc: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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Currently, all callers to randomize_range() set the length to 0 and
calculate end by adding a constant to the start address. We can simplify
the API to remove a bunch of needless checks and variables.
Use the new randomize_addr(start, range) call to set the requested
address.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20160803233913.32511-7-jason@lakedaemon.net
Signed-off-by: Jason Cooper <jason@lakedaemon.net>
Acked-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Cc: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
Cc: Guan Xuetao <gxt@mprc.pku.edu.cn>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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Currently, all callers to randomize_range() set the length to 0 and
calculate end by adding a constant to the start address. We can simplify
the API to remove a bunch of needless checks and variables.
Use the new randomize_addr(start, range) call to set the requested
address.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20160803233913.32511-6-jason@lakedaemon.net
Signed-off-by: Jason Cooper <jason@lakedaemon.net>
Acked-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Cc: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
Cc: Chris Metcalf <cmetcalf@mellanox.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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Currently, all callers to randomize_range() set the length to 0 and
calculate end by adding a constant to the start address. We can simplify
the API to remove a bunch of needless checks and variables.
Use the new randomize_addr(start, range) call to set the requested
address.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20160803233913.32511-5-jason@lakedaemon.net
Signed-off-by: Jason Cooper <jason@lakedaemon.net>
Acked-by: Will Deacon <will.deacon@arm.com>
Acked-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Cc: "Russell King - ARM Linux" <linux@arm.linux.org.uk>
Cc: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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Currently, all callers to randomize_range() set the length to 0 and
calculate end by adding a constant to the start address. We can simplify
the API to remove a bunch of needless checks and variables.
Use the new randomize_addr(start, range) call to set the requested
address.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20160803233913.32511-4-jason@lakedaemon.net
Signed-off-by: Jason Cooper <jason@lakedaemon.net>
Acked-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Cc: "Russell King - ARM Linux" <linux@arm.linux.org.uk>
Cc: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
Cc: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>
Cc: Will Deacon <will.deacon@arm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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Currently, all callers to randomize_range() set the length to 0 and
calculate end by adding a constant to the start address. We can simplify
the API to remove a bunch of needless checks and variables.
Use the new randomize_addr(start, range) call to set the requested
address.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20160803233913.32511-3-jason@lakedaemon.net
Signed-off-by: Jason Cooper <jason@lakedaemon.net>
Acked-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Cc: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com>
Cc: "H . Peter Anvin" <hpa@zytor.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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To date, all callers of randomize_range() have set the length to 0, and
check for a zero return value. For the current callers, the only way to
get zero returned is if end <= start. Since they are all adding a
constant to the start address, this is unnecessary.
We can remove a bunch of needless checks by simplifying the API to do just
what everyone wants, return an address between [start, start + range).
While we're here, s/get_random_int/get_random_long/. No current call site
is adversely affected by get_random_int(), since all current range
requests are < UINT_MAX. However, we should match caller expectations to
avoid coming up short (ha!) in the future.
All current callers to randomize_range() chose to use the start address if
randomize_range() failed. Therefore, we simplify things by just returning
the start address on error.
randomize_range() will be removed once all callers have been converted
over to randomize_addr().
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20160803233913.32511-2-jason@lakedaemon.net
Signed-off-by: Jason Cooper <jason@lakedaemon.net>
Acked-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Cc: Michael Ellerman <mpe@ellerman.id.au>
Cc: "Roberts, William C" <william.c.roberts@intel.com>
Cc: Yann Droneaud <ydroneaud@opteya.com>
Cc: Russell King <linux@arm.linux.org.uk>
Cc: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
Cc: Arnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de>
Cc: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
Cc: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>
Cc: Will Deacon <will.deacon@arm.com>
Cc: Ralf Baechle <ralf@linux-mips.org>
Cc: Benjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org>
Cc: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
Cc: "David S. Miller" <davem@davemloft.net>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com>
Cc: "H . Peter Anvin" <hpa@zytor.com>
Cc: Nick Kralevich <nnk@google.com>
Cc: Jeffrey Vander Stoep <jeffv@google.com>
Cc: Daniel Cashman <dcashman@android.com>
Cc: Chris Metcalf <cmetcalf@mellanox.com>
Cc: Guan Xuetao <gxt@mprc.pku.edu.cn>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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Fix coccinelle warning about duplicating existing memdup_user function.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20160811151737.20140-1-alexandre.bounine@idt.com
Link: https://lkml.org/lkml/2016/8/11/29
Signed-off-by: Alexandre Bounine <alexandre.bounine@idt.com>
Reported-by: kbuild test robot <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
Cc: Matt Porter <mporter@kernel.crashing.org>
Cc: Andre van Herk <andre.van.herk@prodrive-technologies.com>
Cc: Barry Wood <barry.wood@idt.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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On __ptrace_detach(), called from do_exit()->exit_notify()->
forget_original_parent()->exit_ptrace(), the TIF_SYSCALL_TRACE in
thread->flags of the tracee is not cleared up. This results in the
tracehook_report_syscall_* being called (though there's no longer a tracer
listening to that) upon its further syscalls.
Example scenario - attach "strace" to a running process and kill it (the
strace) with SIGKILL. You'll see that the syscall trace hooks are still
being called.
The clearing of this flag should be moved from ptrace_detach() to
__ptrace_detach().
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1472759493-20554-1-git-send-email-alnovak@suse.cz
Signed-off-by: Ales Novak <alnovak@suse.cz>
Acked-by: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com>
Cc: Jiri Kosina <jkosina@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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This is a patch that provides behavior that is more consistent, and
probably less surprising to users. I consider the change optional, and
welcome opinions about whether it should be applied.
By default, pipes are created with a capacity of 64 kiB. However,
/proc/sys/fs/pipe-max-size may be set smaller than this value. In this
scenario, an unprivileged user could thus create a pipe whose initial
capacity exceeds the limit. Therefore, it seems logical to cap the
initial pipe capacity according to the value of pipe-max-size.
The test program shown earlier in this patch series can be used to
demonstrate the effect of the change brought about with this patch:
# cat /proc/sys/fs/pipe-max-size
1048576
# sudo -u mtk ./test_F_SETPIPE_SZ 1
Initial pipe capacity: 65536
# echo 10000 > /proc/sys/fs/pipe-max-size
# cat /proc/sys/fs/pipe-max-size
16384
# sudo -u mtk ./test_F_SETPIPE_SZ 1
Initial pipe capacity: 16384
# ./test_F_SETPIPE_SZ 1
Initial pipe capacity: 65536
The last two executions of 'test_F_SETPIPE_SZ' show that pipe-max-size
caps the initial allocation for a new pipe for unprivileged users, but
not for privileged users.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/31dc7064-2a17-9c5b-1df1-4e3012ee992c@gmail.com
Signed-off-by: Michael Kerrisk <mtk.manpages@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: Vegard Nossum <vegard.nossum@oracle.com>
Cc: Willy Tarreau <w@1wt.eu>
Cc: <socketpair@gmail.com>
Cc: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp>
Cc: Jens Axboe <axboe@fb.com>
Cc: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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This is an optional patch, to provide a small performance
improvement. Alter account_pipe_buffers() so that it returns the
new value in user->pipe_bufs. This means that we can refactor
too_many_pipe_buffers_soft() and too_many_pipe_buffers_hard() to
avoid the costs of repeated use of atomic_long_read() to get the
value user->pipe_bufs.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/93e5f193-1e5e-3e1f-3a20-eae79b7e1310@gmail.com
Signed-off-by: Michael Kerrisk <mtk.manpages@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: Vegard Nossum <vegard.nossum@oracle.com>
Cc: Willy Tarreau <w@1wt.eu>
Cc: <socketpair@gmail.com>
Cc: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp>
Cc: Jens Axboe <axboe@fb.com>
Cc: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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The limit checking in alloc_pipe_info() (used by pipe(2) and when
opening a FIFO) has the following problems:
(1) When checking capacity required for the new pipe, the checks against
the limit in /proc/sys/fs/pipe-user-pages-{soft,hard} are made
against existing consumption, and exclude the memory required for
the new pipe capacity. As a consequence: (1) the memory allocation
throttling provided by the soft limit does not kick in quite as
early as it should, and (2) the user can overrun the hard limit.
(2) As currently implemented, accounting and checking against the limits
is done as follows:
(a) Test whether the user has exceeded the limit.
(b) Make new pipe buffer allocation.
(c) Account new allocation against the limits.
This is racey. Multiple processes may pass point (a) simultaneously,
and then allocate pipe buffers that are accounted for only in step
(c). The race means that the user's pipe buffer allocation could be
pushed over the limit (by an arbitrary amount, depending on how
unlucky we were in the race). [Thanks to Vegard Nossum for spotting
this point, which I had missed.]
This patch addresses the above problems as follows:
* Alter the checks against limits to include the memory required for the
new pipe.
* Re-order the accounting step so that it precedes the buffer allocation.
If the accounting step determines that a limit has been reached, revert
the accounting and cause the operation to fail.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/8ff3e9f9-23f6-510c-644f-8e70cd1c0bd9@gmail.com
Signed-off-by: Michael Kerrisk <mtk.manpages@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: Vegard Nossum <vegard.nossum@oracle.com>
Cc: Willy Tarreau <w@1wt.eu>
Cc: <socketpair@gmail.com>
Cc: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp>
Cc: Jens Axboe <axboe@fb.com>
Cc: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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Replace an 'if' block that covers most of the code in this function
with a 'goto'. This makes the code a little simpler to read, and also
simplifies the next patch (fix limit checking in alloc_pipe_info())
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/aef030c1-0257-98a9-4988-186efa48530c@gmail.com
Signed-off-by: Michael Kerrisk <mtk.manpages@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: Vegard Nossum <vegard.nossum@oracle.com>
Cc: Willy Tarreau <w@1wt.eu>
Cc: <socketpair@gmail.com>
Cc: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp>
Cc: Jens Axboe <axboe@fb.com>
Cc: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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The limit checking in pipe_set_size() (used by fcntl(F_SETPIPE_SZ))
has the following problems:
(1) When increasing the pipe capacity, the checks against the limits in
/proc/sys/fs/pipe-user-pages-{soft,hard} are made against existing
consumption, and exclude the memory required for the increased pipe
capacity. The new increase in pipe capacity can then push the total
memory used by the user for pipes (possibly far) over a limit. This
can also trigger the problem described next.
(2) The limit checks are performed even when the new pipe capacity is
less than the existing pipe capacity. This can lead to problems if a
user sets a large pipe capacity, and then the limits are lowered,
with the result that the user will no longer be able to decrease the
pipe capacity.
(3) As currently implemented, accounting and checking against the
limits is done as follows:
(a) Test whether the user has exceeded the limit.
(b) Make new pipe buffer allocation.
(c) Account new allocation against the limits.
This is racey. Multiple processes may pass point (a)
simultaneously, and then allocate pipe buffers that are accounted
for only in step (c). The race means that the user's pipe buffer
allocation could be pushed over the limit (by an arbitrary amount,
depending on how unlucky we were in the race). [Thanks to Vegard
Nossum for spotting this point, which I had missed.]
This patch addresses the above problems as follows:
* Perform checks against the limits only when increasing a pipe's
capacity; an unprivileged user can always decrease a pipe's capacity.
* Alter the checks against limits to include the memory required for
the new pipe capacity.
* Re-order the accounting step so that it precedes the buffer
allocation. If the accounting step determines that a limit has
been reached, revert the accounting and cause the operation to fail.
The program below can be used to demonstrate problems 1 and 2, and the
effect of the fix. The program takes one or more command-line arguments.
The first argument specifies the number of pipes that the program should
create. The remaining arguments are, alternately, pipe capacities that
should be set using fcntl(F_SETPIPE_SZ), and sleep intervals (in
seconds) between the fcntl() operations. (The sleep intervals allow the
possibility to change the limits between fcntl() operations.)
Problem 1
=========
Using the test program on an unpatched kernel, we first set some
limits:
# echo 0 > /proc/sys/fs/pipe-user-pages-soft
# echo 1000000000 > /proc/sys/fs/pipe-max-size
# echo 10000 > /proc/sys/fs/pipe-user-pages-hard # 40.96 MB
Then show that we can set a pipe with capacity (100MB) that is
over the hard limit
# sudo -u mtk ./test_F_SETPIPE_SZ 1 100000000
Initial pipe capacity: 65536
Loop 1: set pipe capacity to 100000000 bytes
F_SETPIPE_SZ returned 134217728
Now set the capacity to 100MB twice. The second call fails (which is
probably surprising to most users, since it seems like a no-op):
# sudo -u mtk ./test_F_SETPIPE_SZ 1 100000000 0 100000000
Initial pipe capacity: 65536
Loop 1: set pipe capacity to 100000000 bytes
F_SETPIPE_SZ returned 134217728
Loop 2: set pipe capacity to 100000000 bytes
Loop 2, pipe 0: F_SETPIPE_SZ failed: fcntl: Operation not permitted
With a patched kernel, setting a capacity over the limit fails at the
first attempt:
# echo 0 > /proc/sys/fs/pipe-user-pages-soft
# echo 1000000000 > /proc/sys/fs/pipe-max-size
# echo 10000 > /proc/sys/fs/pipe-user-pages-hard
# sudo -u mtk ./test_F_SETPIPE_SZ 1 100000000
Initial pipe capacity: 65536
Loop 1: set pipe capacity to 100000000 bytes
Loop 1, pipe 0: F_SETPIPE_SZ failed: fcntl: Operation not permitted
There is a small chance that the change to fix this problem could
break user-space, since there are cases where fcntl(F_SETPIPE_SZ)
calls that previously succeeded might fail. However, the chances are
small, since (a) the pipe-user-pages-{soft,hard} limits are new (in
4.5), and the default soft/hard limits are high/unlimited. Therefore,
it seems warranted to make these limits operate more precisely (and
behave more like what users probably expect).
Problem 2
=========
Running the test program on an unpatched kernel, we first set some limits:
# getconf PAGESIZE
4096
# echo 0 > /proc/sys/fs/pipe-user-pages-soft
# echo 1000000000 > /proc/sys/fs/pipe-max-size
# echo 10000 > /proc/sys/fs/pipe-user-pages-hard # 40.96 MB
Now perform two fcntl(F_SETPIPE_SZ) operations on a single pipe,
first setting a pipe capacity (10MB), sleeping for a few seconds,
during which time the hard limit is lowered, and then set pipe
capacity to a smaller amount (5MB):
# sudo -u mtk ./test_F_SETPIPE_SZ 1 10000000 15 5000000 &
[1] 748
# Initial pipe capacity: 65536
Loop 1: set pipe capacity to 10000000 bytes
F_SETPIPE_SZ returned 16777216
Sleeping 15 seconds
# echo 1000 > /proc/sys/fs/pipe-user-pages-hard # 4.096 MB
# Loop 2: set pipe capacity to 5000000 bytes
Loop 2, pipe 0: F_SETPIPE_SZ failed: fcntl: Operation not permitted
In this case, the user should be able to lower the limit.
With a kernel that has the patch below, the second fcntl()
succeeds:
# echo 0 > /proc/sys/fs/pipe-user-pages-soft
# echo 1000000000 > /proc/sys/fs/pipe-max-size
# echo 10000 > /proc/sys/fs/pipe-user-pages-hard
# sudo -u mtk ./test_F_SETPIPE_SZ 1 10000000 15 5000000 &
[1] 3215
# Initial pipe capacity: 65536
# Loop 1: set pipe capacity to 10000000 bytes
F_SETPIPE_SZ returned 16777216
Sleeping 15 seconds
# echo 1000 > /proc/sys/fs/pipe-user-pages-hard
# Loop 2: set pipe capacity to 5000000 bytes
F_SETPIPE_SZ returned 8388608
8x---8x---8x---8x---8x---8x---8x---8x---8x---8x---8x---8x---8x---8x---
/* test_F_SETPIPE_SZ.c
(C) 2016, Michael Kerrisk; licensed under GNU GPL version 2 or later
Test operation of fcntl(F_SETPIPE_SZ) for setting pipe capacity
and interactions with limits defined by /proc/sys/fs/pipe-* files.
*/
#define _GNU_SOURCE
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <unistd.h>
int
main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
int (*pfd)[2];
int npipes;
int pcap, rcap;
int j, p, s, stime, loop;
if (argc < 2) {
fprintf(stderr, "Usage: %s num-pipes "
"[pipe-capacity sleep-time]...\n", argv[0]);
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
npipes = atoi(argv[1]);
pfd = calloc(npipes, sizeof (int [2]));
if (pfd == NULL) {
perror("calloc");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
for (j = 0; j < npipes; j++) {
if (pipe(pfd[j]) == -1) {
fprintf(stderr, "Loop %d: pipe() failed: ", j);
perror("pipe");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
}
printf("Initial pipe capacity: %d\n", fcntl(pfd[0][0], F_GETPIPE_SZ));
for (j = 2; j < argc; j += 2 ) {
loop = j / 2;
pcap = atoi(argv[j]);
printf(" Loop %d: set pipe capacity to %d bytes\n", loop, pcap);
for (p = 0; p < npipes; p++) {
s = fcntl(pfd[p][0], F_SETPIPE_SZ, pcap);
if (s == -1) {
fprintf(stderr, " Loop %d, pipe %d: F_SETPIPE_SZ "
"failed: ", loop, p);
perror("fcntl");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
if (p == 0) {
printf(" F_SETPIPE_SZ returned %d\n", s);
rcap = s;
} else {
if (s != rcap) {
fprintf(stderr, " Loop %d, pipe %d: F_SETPIPE_SZ "
"unexpected return: %d\n", loop, p, s);
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
}
stime = (j + 1 < argc) ? atoi(argv[j + 1]) : 0;
if (stime > 0) {
printf(" Sleeping %d seconds\n", stime);
sleep(stime);
}
}
}
exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
}
8x---8x---8x---8x---8x---8x---8x---8x---8x---8x---8x---8x---8x---8x---
Patch history:
v2
* Switch order of test in 'if' statement to avoid function call
(to capability()) in normal path. [This is a fix to a preexisting
wart in the code. Thanks to Willy Tarreau]
* Perform (size > pipe_max_size) check before calling
account_pipe_buffers(). [Thanks to Vegard Nossum]
Quoting Vegard:
The potential problem happens if the user passes a very large number
which will overflow pipe->user->pipe_bufs.
On 32-bit, sizeof(int) == sizeof(long), so if they pass arg = INT_MAX
then round_pipe_size() returns INT_MAX. Although it's true that the
accounting is done in terms of pages and not bytes, so you'd need on
the order of (1 << 13) = 8192 processes hitting the limit at the same
time in order to make it overflow, which seems a bit unlikely.
(See https://lkml.org/lkml/2016/8/12/215 for another discussion on the
limit checking)
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1e464945-536b-2420-798b-e77b9c7e8593@gmail.com
Signed-off-by: Michael Kerrisk <mtk.manpages@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: Vegard Nossum <vegard.nossum@oracle.com>
Cc: Willy Tarreau <w@1wt.eu>
Cc: <socketpair@gmail.com>
Cc: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp>
Cc: Jens Axboe <axboe@fb.com>
Cc: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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This is a preparatory patch for following work. account_pipe_buffers()
performs accounting in the 'user_struct'. There is no need to pass a
pointer to a 'pipe_inode_info' struct (which is then dereferenced to
obtain a pointer to the 'user' field). Instead, pass a pointer directly
to the 'user_struct'. This change is needed in preparation for a
subsequent patch that the fixes the limit checking in alloc_pipe_info()
(and the resulting code is a little more logical).
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/7277bf8c-a6fc-4a7d-659c-f5b145c981ab@gmail.com
Signed-off-by: Michael Kerrisk <mtk.manpages@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: Vegard Nossum <vegard.nossum@oracle.com>
Cc: Willy Tarreau <w@1wt.eu>
Cc: <socketpair@gmail.com>
Cc: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp>
Cc: Jens Axboe <axboe@fb.com>
Cc: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
|
This is a preparatory patch for following work. Move the F_SETPIPE_SZ
limit-checking logic from pipe_fcntl() into pipe_set_size(). This
simplifies the code a little, and allows for reworking required in
a later patch that fixes the limit checking in pipe_set_size()
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/3701b2c5-2c52-2c3e-226d-29b9deb29b50@gmail.com
Signed-off-by: Michael Kerrisk <mtk.manpages@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: Vegard Nossum <vegard.nossum@oracle.com>
Cc: Willy Tarreau <w@1wt.eu>
Cc: <socketpair@gmail.com>
Cc: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp>
Cc: Jens Axboe <axboe@fb.com>
Cc: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
|
Patch series "pipe: fix limit handling", v2.
When changing a pipe's capacity with fcntl(F_SETPIPE_SZ), various limits
defined by /proc/sys/fs/pipe-* files are checked to see if unprivileged
users are exceeding limits on memory consumption.
While documenting and testing the operation of these limits I noticed
that, as currently implemented, these checks have a number of problems:
(1) When increasing the pipe capacity, the checks against the limits
in /proc/sys/fs/pipe-user-pages-{soft,hard} are made against
existing consumption, and exclude the memory required for the
increased pipe capacity. The new increase in pipe capacity can then
push the total memory used by the user for pipes (possibly far) over
a limit. This can also trigger the problem described next.
(2) The limit checks are performed even when the new pipe capacity
is less than the existing pipe capacity. This can lead to problems
if a user sets a large pipe capacity, and then the limits are
lowered, with the result that the user will no longer be able to
decrease the pipe capacity.
(3) As currently implemented, accounting and checking against the
limits is done as follows:
(a) Test whether the user has exceeded the limit.
(b) Make new pipe buffer allocation.
(c) Account new allocation against the limits.
This is racey. Multiple processes may pass point (a) simultaneously,
and then allocate pipe buffers that are accounted for only in step
(c). The race means that the user's pipe buffer allocation could be
pushed over the limit (by an arbitrary amount, depending on how
unlucky we were in the race). [Thanks to Vegard Nossum for spotting
this point, which I had missed.]
This patch series addresses these three problems.
This patch (of 8):
This is a minor preparatory patch. After subsequent patches,
round_pipe_size() will be called from pipe_set_size(), so place
round_pipe_size() above pipe_set_size().
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/91a91fdb-a959-ba7f-b551-b62477cc98a1@gmail.com
Signed-off-by: Michael Kerrisk <mtk.manpages@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: Vegard Nossum <vegard.nossum@oracle.com>
Cc: Willy Tarreau <w@1wt.eu>
Cc: <socketpair@gmail.com>
Cc: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp>
Cc: Jens Axboe <axboe@fb.com>
Cc: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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cmd part of this struct is the same as an index of itself within
_ioctls[]. In fact this cmd is unused, so we can drop this part.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20160831033414.9910.66697.stgit@pluto.themaw.net
Signed-off-by: Tomohiro Kusumi <kusumi.tomohiro@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Ian Kent <raven@themaw.net>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
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Having this in autofs_i.h gives illusion that uncommenting this enables
pr_debug(), but it doesn't enable all the pr_debug() in autofs because
inclusion order matters.
XFS has the same DEBUG macro in its core header fs/xfs/xfs.h, however XFS
seems to have a rule to include this prior to other XFS headers as well as
kernel headers. This is not the case with autofs, and DEBUG could be
enabled via Makefile, so autofs should just get rid of this comment to
make the code less confusing. It's a comment, so there is literally no
functional difference.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20160831033409.9910.77067.stgit@pluto.themaw.net
Signed-off-by: Tomohiro Kusumi <kusumi.tomohiro@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Ian Kent <raven@themaw.net>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
|
Since linux/auto_dev-ioctl.h wasn't included in include/linux/Kbuild
it wasn't moved to uapi/linux as part of the uapi series.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20160812024901.12352.10984.stgit@pluto.themaw.net
Signed-off-by: Ian Kent <raven@themaw.net>
Cc: Tomohiro Kusumi <kusumi.tomohiro@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
|
linux/limits.h should be included by uapi instead of linux/auto_fs.h
so as not to cause compile error in userspace.
# cat << EOF > ./test1.c
> #include <stdio.h>
> #include <linux/auto_fs.h>
> int main(void) {
> return 0;
> }
> EOF
# gcc -Wall -g ./test1.c
In file included from ./test1.c:2:0:
/usr/include/linux/auto_fs.h:54:12: error: 'NAME_MAX' undeclared here (not in a function)
char name[NAME_MAX+1];
^
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20160812024856.12352.24092.stgit@pluto.themaw.net
Signed-off-by: Tomohiro Kusumi <kusumi.tomohiro@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Ian Kent <ikent@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
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All other warnings use "cmd(0x%08x)" and this is the only one with
"cmd(%d)". (below comes from my userspace debug program, but not
automount daemon)
[ 1139.905676] autofs4:pid:1640:check_dev_ioctl_version: ioctl control interface version mismatch: kernel(1.0), user(0.0), cmd(-1072131215)
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20160812024851.12352.75458.stgit@pluto.themaw.net
Signed-off-by: Tomohiro Kusumi <kusumi.tomohiro@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Ian Kent <ikent@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
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No functional changes, based on the following justification.
1. Make the code more consistent using the ioctl vector _ioctls[],
rather than assigning NULL only for this ioctl command.
2. Remove goto done; for better maintainability in the long run.
3. The existing code is based on the fact that validate_dev_ioctl()
sets ioctl version for any command, but AUTOFS_DEV_IOCTL_VERSION_CMD
should explicitly set it regardless of the default behavior.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20160812024846.12352.9885.stgit@pluto.themaw.net
Signed-off-by: Tomohiro Kusumi <kusumi.tomohiro@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Ian Kent <ikent@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
|
The count of miscellaneous device ioctls in fs/autofs4/autofs_i.h is wrong.
The number of ioctls is the difference between AUTOFS_DEV_IOCTL_VERSION_CMD
and AUTOFS_DEV_IOCTL_ISMOUNTPOINT_CMD (14) not the difference between
AUTOFS_IOC_COUNT and 11 (21).
[kusumi.tomohiro@gmail.com: fix typo that made the count macro negative]
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20160831033420.9910.16809.stgit@pluto.themaw.net
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20160812024841.12352.11975.stgit@pluto.themaw.net
Signed-off-by: Ian Kent <raven@themaw.net>
Cc: Tomohiro Kusumi <kusumi.tomohiro@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
|
This isn't a return value, so change the message to indicate the status is
the result of may_umount().
(or locate pr_debug() after put_user() with the same message)
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20160812024836.12352.74628.stgit@pluto.themaw.net
Signed-off-by: Tomohiro Kusumi <kusumi.tomohiro@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Ian Kent <ikent@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
|
Sync with changes made by commit 730c9eeca980 ("autofs4: improve
parameter usage") which introduced an union for various ioctl commands
instead of having statically named arg1,2.
This commit simply replaces arg1,2 with the corresponding fields without
changing semantics.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20160812024831.12352.24667.stgit@pluto.themaw.net
Signed-off-by: Tomohiro Kusumi <kusumi.tomohiro@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Ian Kent <ikent@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
|
The explanation on how ioctl handles devid seems incorrect. Userspace who
calls this ioctl has no input regarding devid, and ioctl implementation
retrieves devid via superblock.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20160812024825.12352.13486.stgit@pluto.themaw.net
Signed-off-by: Tomohiro Kusumi <kusumi.tomohiro@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Ian Kent <ikent@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
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This macro was never used by neither kernel nor userspace, and also
doesn't represent "devid length" in bytes. (unless it was added to mean
something else).
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20160812024820.12352.21210.stgit@pluto.themaw.net
Signed-off-by: Tomohiro Kusumi <kusumi.tomohiro@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Ian Kent <ikent@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
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Returning -ENOTTY here fails to free dynamically allocated param.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20160812024815.12352.69153.stgit@pluto.themaw.net
Signed-off-by: Tomohiro Kusumi <kusumi.tomohiro@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Ian Kent <ikent@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
|
These two were left from commit aa55ddf340c9 ("autofs4: remove unused
ioctls") which removed unused ioctls.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20160812024810.12352.96377.stgit@pluto.themaw.net
Signed-off-by: Tomohiro Kusumi <kusumi.tomohiro@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Ian Kent <ikent@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
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kfree dentry data allocated by autofs4_new_ino() with autofs4_free_ino()
instead of raw kfree. (since we have the interface to free autofs_info*)
This patch was modified to remove the need to set the dentry info field to
NULL dew to a change in the previous patch.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20160812024805.12352.43650.stgit@pluto.themaw.net
Signed-off-by: Tomohiro Kusumi <kusumi.tomohiro@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Ian Kent <raven@themaw.net>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
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The inode allocation failure case in autofs4_dir_symlink() frees the
autofs dentry info of the dentry without setting ->d_fsdata to NULL.
That could lead to a double free so just get rid of the free and leave it
to ->d_release().
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20160812024759.12352.10653.stgit@pluto.themaw.net
Signed-off-by: Ian Kent <raven@themaw.net>
Cc: Tomohiro Kusumi <kusumi.tomohiro@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
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It's invalid if the given mode is neither dir nor link, so warn on else
case.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20160812024754.12352.8536.stgit@pluto.themaw.net
Signed-off-by: Tomohiro Kusumi <kusumi.tomohiro@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Ian Kent <raven@themaw.net>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
|
Somewhere along the line the error handling gotos have become incorrect.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20160812024749.12352.15100.stgit@pluto.themaw.net
Signed-off-by: Ian Kent <raven@themaw.net>
Cc: Tomohiro Kusumi <kusumi.tomohiro@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
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This patch does what the below comment says. It could be and it's
considered better to do this first before various functions get called
during initialization.
/* Couldn't this be tested earlier? */
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20160812024744.12352.43075.stgit@pluto.themaw.net
Signed-off-by: Tomohiro Kusumi <kusumi.tomohiro@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Ian Kent <raven@themaw.net>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
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autofs4_kill_sb() doesn't need to be declared as extern, and no other
functions in .h are explicitly declared as extern.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20160812024739.12352.99354.stgit@pluto.themaw.net
Signed-off-by: Tomohiro Kusumi <kusumi.tomohiro@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Ian Kent <raven@themaw.net>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
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plus minor whitespace fixes.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20160812024734.12352.17122.stgit@pluto.themaw.net
Signed-off-by: Tomohiro Kusumi <kusumi.tomohiro@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Ian Kent <raven@themaw.net>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
|
asm-generic headers are generic implementations for architecture specific
code and should not be included by common code. Thus use the asm/ version
of sections.h to get at the linker sections.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1473602302-6208-1-git-send-email-hch@lst.de
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Acked-by: Masami Hiramatsu <mhiramat@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
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The function calls with octal permissions commonly span multiple lines.
The current test is line oriented and fails to find some matches.
Make the test use the $stat variable instead of the $line variable to span
multiple lines.
Also add a few functions to the known functions with permissions list.
Move the SYMBOLIC_PERMS test to a separate section to find all the S_<FOO>
permissions in any form not just those that have specific function names.
This can now find and fix permissions uses like:
.mode = S_<FOO> | S_<BAR>;
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/b51bab60530912aae4ac420119d465c5b206f19f.1475030406.git.joe@perches.com
Signed-off-by: Joe Perches <joe@perches.com>
Tested-by: Ramiro Oliveira <roliveir@synopsys.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
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Function definitions without identifiers like
int foo(int)
are not preferred. Emit a warning when they occur.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/94fe6378504745991b650f48fc92bb4648f25706.1474925354.git.joe@perches.com
Signed-off-by: Joe Perches <joe@perches.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
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It is possible for a multiple line macro definition to have a false positive
report when an argument is used on a line after a continuation \.
This line might have a leading '+' as the initial character that could be
confused by checkpatch as an operator.
Avoid the leading character on multiple line macro definitions.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/60229d13399f9b6509db5a32e30d4c16951a60cd.1473836073.git.joe@perches.com
Signed-off-by: Joe Perches <joe@perches.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
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Add a test for macro arguents that have a non-comma leading or trailing
operator where the argument isn't parenthesized to avoid possible precedence
issues.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/47715508972f8d786f435e583ff881dbeee3a114.1473745855.git.joe@perches.com
Signed-off-by: Joe Perches <joe@perches.com>
Cc: Andy Whitcroft <apw@canonical.com>
Cc: Julia Lawall <julia.lawall@lip6.fr>
Cc: Dan Carpenter <dan.carpenter@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
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If a macro argument is used multiple times in the macro definition, the
macro argument may have an unexpected side-effect.
Add a test (MACRO_ARG_REUSE) for that condition which is only
emitted with command-line option --strict.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/b6d67a87cafcafd15499e91780dc63b15dec0aa0.1473744906.git.joe@perches.com
Signed-off-by: Joe Perches <joe@perches.com>
Cc: Andy Whitcroft <apw@canonical.com>
Cc: Julia Lawall <julia.lawall@lip6.fr>
Cc: Dan Carpenter <dan.carpenter@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
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An "uninitialized value" is emitted when a block comment starts on
the same line as a statement.
Fix this and make the test use a little fewer cpu cycles too.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/3c9993320c2182d37f53ac540878cfef59c3f62d.1473365956.git.joe@perches.com
Signed-off-by: Joe Perches <joe@perches.com>
Reported-by: Charlemagne Lasse <charlemagnelasse@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
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Adding -f to the get_maintainer.pl invocation means git isn't invoked
by get_maintainer.pl for known filenames.
This reduces the overall time to run checkpatch.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/22991e3a295aeb399b43af0478b6e5809106ccee.1472684066.git.joe@perches.com
Signed-off-by: Joe Perches <joe@perches.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
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Using const is generally a good idea.
Julia Lawall has created a list of always const and almost always const
structs in the kernel sources.
Link: https://lkml.org/lkml/2016/8/28/95
Add the most frequently used (> 50 cases) that are almost always or
always const.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1e16020f8027654db0095bbfbcc11da51025365c.1472664220.git.joe@perches.com
Signed-off-by: Joe Perches <joe@perches.com>
Acked-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Cc: Julia Lawall <julia.lawall@lip6.fr>
Cc: Andy Whitcroft <apw@canonical.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
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Make it easier to add new structs that should be const.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/e5a8da43e7c11525bafbda1ca69a8323614dd942.1472664220.git.joe@perches.com
Signed-off-by: Joe Perches <joe@perches.com>
Cc: Julia Lawall <julia.lawall@lip6.fr>
Cc: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Cc: Andy Whitcroft <apw@canonical.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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< sigh > Comment these tests out.
These are just too enticing to people that don't verify that
both source and dest addresses really must be __aligned(2).
It helps make Dan Carpenter happy too.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/dc32ec66d24647f4cdf824c8dfbbc59aa7ce7b7d.1472665676.git.joe@perches.com
Signed-off-by: Joe Perches <joe@perches.com>
Cc: Dan Carpenter <dan.carpenter@oracle.com>
Cc: Greg <gvrose8192@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
|
Warn when block comments are not aligned on the *
/*
* block comment, no warning
*/
/*
* block comment, emit warning
*/
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/edb57bd330adfe024b95ec2a807d4aa7f0c8b112.1472261299.git.joe@perches.com
Signed-off-by: Joe Perches <joe@perches.com>
Reported-by: Sudip Mukherjee <sudipm.mukherjee@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
|
S_<FOO> uses should be avoided where octal is more intelligible.
Linus didst say:
: It's *much* easier to parse and understand the octal numbers, while the
: symbolic macro names are just random line noise and hard as hell to
: understand. You really have to think about it.
:
: So we should rather go the other way: convert existing bad symbolic
: permission bit macro use to just use the octal numbers.
:
: The symbolic names are good for the *other* bits (ie sticky bit, and the
: inode mode _type_ numbers etc), but for the permission bits, the symbolic
: names are just insane crap. Nobody sane should ever use them. Not in the
: kernel, not in user space.
(http://lkml.kernel.org/r/CA+55aFw5v23T-zvDZp-MmD_EYxF8WbafwwB59934FV7g21uMGQ@mail.gmail.com)
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/7232ef011d05a92f4caa86a5e9830d87966a2eaf.1470180926.git.joe@perches.com
Signed-off-by: Joe Perches <joe@perches.com>
Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
