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The Itanium architecture is obsolete, and an informal survey [0] reveals
that any residual use of Itanium hardware in production is mostly HP-UX
or OpenVMS based. The use of Linux on Itanium appears to be limited to
enthusiasts that occasionally boot a fresh Linux kernel to see whether
things are still working as intended, and perhaps to churn out some
distro packages that are rarely used in practice.
None of the original companies behind Itanium still produce or support
any hardware or software for the architecture, and it is listed as
'Orphaned' in the MAINTAINERS file, as apparently, none of the engineers
that contributed on behalf of those companies (nor anyone else, for that
matter) have been willing to support or maintain the architecture
upstream or even be responsible for applying the odd fix. The Intel
firmware team removed all IA-64 support from the Tianocore/EDK2
reference implementation of EFI in 2018. (Itanium is the original
architecture for which EFI was developed, and the way Linux supports it
deviates significantly from other architectures.) Some distros, such as
Debian and Gentoo, still maintain [unofficial] ia64 ports, but many have
dropped support years ago.
While the argument is being made [1] that there is a 'for the common
good' angle to being able to build and run existing projects such as the
Grid Community Toolkit [2] on Itanium for interoperability testing, the
fact remains that none of those projects are known to be deployed on
Linux/ia64, and very few people actually have access to such a system in
the first place. Even if there were ways imaginable in which Linux/ia64
could be put to good use today, what matters is whether anyone is
actually doing that, and this does not appear to be the case.
There are no emulators widely available, and so boot testing Itanium is
generally infeasible for ordinary contributors. GCC still supports IA-64
but its compile farm [3] no longer has any IA-64 machines. GLIBC would
like to get rid of IA-64 [4] too because it would permit some overdue
code cleanups. In summary, the benefits to the ecosystem of having IA-64
be part of it are mostly theoretical, whereas the maintenance overhead
of keeping it supported is real.
So let's rip off the band aid, and remove the IA-64 arch code entirely.
This follows the timeline proposed by the Debian/ia64 maintainer [5],
which removes support in a controlled manner, leaving IA-64 in a known
good state in the most recent LTS release. Other projects will follow
once the kernel support is removed.
[0] https://lore.kernel.org/all/CAMj1kXFCMh_578jniKpUtx_j8ByHnt=s7S+yQ+vGbKt9ud7+kQ@mail.gmail.com/
[1] https://lore.kernel.org/all/0075883c-7c51-00f5-2c2d-5119c1820410@web.de/
[2] https://gridcf.org/gct-docs/latest/index.html
[3] https://cfarm.tetaneutral.net/machines/list/
[4] https://lore.kernel.org/all/87bkiilpc4.fsf@mid.deneb.enyo.de/
[5] https://lore.kernel.org/all/ff58a3e76e5102c94bb5946d99187b358def688a.camel@physik.fu-berlin.de/
Acked-by: Tony Luck <tony.luck@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Ard Biesheuvel <ardb@kernel.org>
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dereference_function_descriptor() and
dereference_kernel_function_descriptor() are identical on the
three architectures implementing them.
Make them common and put them out-of-line in kernel/extable.c
which is one of the users and has similar type of functions.
Signed-off-by: Christophe Leroy <christophe.leroy@csgroup.eu>
Reviewed-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Reviewed-by: Arnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de>
Acked-by: Helge Deller <deller@gmx.de>
Signed-off-by: Michael Ellerman <mpe@ellerman.id.au>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/449db09b2eba57f4ab05f80102a67d8675bc8bcd.1644928018.git.christophe.leroy@csgroup.eu
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We have three architectures using function descriptors, each with its
own type and name.
Add a common typedef that can be used in generic code.
Also add a stub typedef for architecture without function descriptors,
to avoid a forest of #ifdefs.
It replaces the similar 'func_desc_t' previously defined in
arch/powerpc/kernel/module_64.c
Signed-off-by: Christophe Leroy <christophe.leroy@csgroup.eu>
Reviewed-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Acked-by: Arnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de>
Acked-by: Helge Deller <deller@gmx.de>
Signed-off-by: Michael Ellerman <mpe@ellerman.id.au>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/f1f91b142b3c1082bdc1586ce71c9bac1e75213c.1644928018.git.christophe.leroy@csgroup.eu
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Replace HAVE_DEREFERENCE_FUNCTION_DESCRIPTOR by a config option
named CONFIG_HAVE_FUNCTION_DESCRIPTORS and use it instead of
'dereference_function_descriptor' macro to know whether an
arch has function descriptors.
To limit churn in one of the following patches, use
an #ifdef/#else construct with empty first part
instead of an #ifndef in asm-generic/sections.h
On powerpc, make sure the config option matches the ABI used
by the compiler with a BUILD_BUG_ON() and add missing _CALL_ELF=2
when calling 'sparse' so that sparse sees the same piece of
code as GCC.
And include a helper to check whether an arch has function
descriptors or not : have_function_descriptors()
Signed-off-by: Christophe Leroy <christophe.leroy@csgroup.eu>
Reviewed-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Reviewed-by: Nicholas Piggin <npiggin@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Helge Deller <deller@gmx.de>
Signed-off-by: Michael Ellerman <mpe@ellerman.id.au>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/4a0f11fb0ea74a3197bc44dd7ba25e53a24fd03d.1644928018.git.christophe.leroy@csgroup.eu
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There are three architectures with function descriptors, try to
have common names for the address they contain in order to
refactor some functions into generic functions later.
powerpc has 'entry'
ia64 has 'ip'
parisc has 'addr'
Vote for 'addr' and update 'struct fdesc' accordingly.
Signed-off-by: Christophe Leroy <christophe.leroy@csgroup.eu>
Reviewed-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Signed-off-by: Michael Ellerman <mpe@ellerman.id.au>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/65b73ac614e4c002c5819d40b42f6f426d2ee52b.1644928018.git.christophe.leroy@csgroup.eu
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Now that we've renamed probe_kernel_address() to get_kernel_nofault()
and made it look and behave more in line with get_user(), some of the
subtle type behavior differences end up being more obvious and possibly
dangerous.
When you do
get_user(val, user_ptr);
the type of the access comes from the "user_ptr" part, and the above
basically acts as
val = *user_ptr;
by design (except, of course, for the fact that the actual dereference
is done with a user access).
Note how in the above case, the type of the end result comes from the
pointer argument, and then the value is cast to the type of 'val' as
part of the assignment.
So the type of the pointer is ultimately the more important type both
for the access itself.
But 'get_kernel_nofault()' may now _look_ similar, but it behaves very
differently. When you do
get_kernel_nofault(val, kernel_ptr);
it behaves like
val = *(typeof(val) *)kernel_ptr;
except, of course, for the fact that the actual dereference is done with
exception handling so that a faulting access is suppressed and returned
as the error code.
But note how different the casting behavior of the two superficially
similar accesses are: one does the actual access in the size of the type
the pointer points to, while the other does the access in the size of
the target, and ignores the pointer type entirely.
Actually changing get_kernel_nofault() to act like get_user() is almost
certainly the right thing to do eventually, but in the meantime this
patch adds logit to at least verify that the pointer type is compatible
with the type of the result.
In many cases, this involves just casting the pointer to 'void *' to
make it obvious that the type of the pointer is not the important part.
It's not how 'get_user()' acts, but at least the behavioral difference
is now obvious and explicit.
Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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Better describe what this helper does, and match the naming of
copy_from_kernel_nofault.
Also switch the argument order around, so that it acts and looks
like get_user().
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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We are moving towards separate kernel and module function descriptor
dereference callbacks. This patch enables it for IA64.
For pointers that belong to the kernel
- Added __start_opd and __end_opd pointers, to track the kernel
.opd section address range;
- Added dereference_kernel_function_descriptor(). Now we
will dereference only function pointers that are within
[__start_opd, __end_opd);
For pointers that belong to a module
- Added dereference_module_function_descriptor() to handle module
function descriptor dereference. Now we will dereference only
pointers that are within [module->opd.start, module->opd.end).
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20171109234830.5067-3-sergey.senozhatsky@gmail.com
To: Fenghua Yu <fenghua.yu@intel.com>
To: Helge Deller <deller@gmx.de>
To: Benjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org>
To: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
To: Michael Ellerman <mpe@ellerman.id.au>
To: James Bottomley <jejb@parisc-linux.org>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Jessica Yu <jeyu@kernel.org>
Cc: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
Cc: linux-ia64@vger.kernel.org
Cc: linux-parisc@vger.kernel.org
Cc: linuxppc-dev@lists.ozlabs.org
Cc: linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Sergey Senozhatsky <sergey.senozhatsky@gmail.com>
Tested-by: Tony Luck <tony.luck@intel.com> #ia64
Signed-off-by: Petr Mladek <pmladek@suse.com>
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Many source files in the tree are missing licensing information, which
makes it harder for compliance tools to determine the correct license.
By default all files without license information are under the default
license of the kernel, which is GPL version 2.
Update the files which contain no license information with the 'GPL-2.0'
SPDX license identifier. The SPDX identifier is a legally binding
shorthand, which can be used instead of the full boiler plate text.
This patch is based on work done by Thomas Gleixner and Kate Stewart and
Philippe Ombredanne.
How this work was done:
Patches were generated and checked against linux-4.14-rc6 for a subset of
the use cases:
- file had no licensing information it it.
- file was a */uapi/* one with no licensing information in it,
- file was a */uapi/* one with existing licensing information,
Further patches will be generated in subsequent months to fix up cases
where non-standard license headers were used, and references to license
had to be inferred by heuristics based on keywords.
The analysis to determine which SPDX License Identifier to be applied to
a file was done in a spreadsheet of side by side results from of the
output of two independent scanners (ScanCode & Windriver) producing SPDX
tag:value files created by Philippe Ombredanne. Philippe prepared the
base worksheet, and did an initial spot review of a few 1000 files.
The 4.13 kernel was the starting point of the analysis with 60,537 files
assessed. Kate Stewart did a file by file comparison of the scanner
results in the spreadsheet to determine which SPDX license identifier(s)
to be applied to the file. She confirmed any determination that was not
immediately clear with lawyers working with the Linux Foundation.
Criteria used to select files for SPDX license identifier tagging was:
- Files considered eligible had to be source code files.
- Make and config files were included as candidates if they contained >5
lines of source
- File already had some variant of a license header in it (even if <5
lines).
All documentation files were explicitly excluded.
The following heuristics were used to determine which SPDX license
identifiers to apply.
- when both scanners couldn't find any license traces, file was
considered to have no license information in it, and the top level
COPYING file license applied.
For non */uapi/* files that summary was:
SPDX license identifier # files
---------------------------------------------------|-------
GPL-2.0 11139
and resulted in the first patch in this series.
If that file was a */uapi/* path one, it was "GPL-2.0 WITH
Linux-syscall-note" otherwise it was "GPL-2.0". Results of that was:
SPDX license identifier # files
---------------------------------------------------|-------
GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note 930
and resulted in the second patch in this series.
- if a file had some form of licensing information in it, and was one
of the */uapi/* ones, it was denoted with the Linux-syscall-note if
any GPL family license was found in the file or had no licensing in
it (per prior point). Results summary:
SPDX license identifier # files
---------------------------------------------------|------
GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note 270
GPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 169
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-2-Clause) 21
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-3-Clause) 17
LGPL-2.1+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 15
GPL-1.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 14
((GPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-3-Clause) 5
LGPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 4
LGPL-2.1 WITH Linux-syscall-note 3
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR MIT) 3
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) AND MIT) 1
and that resulted in the third patch in this series.
- when the two scanners agreed on the detected license(s), that became
the concluded license(s).
- when there was disagreement between the two scanners (one detected a
license but the other didn't, or they both detected different
licenses) a manual inspection of the file occurred.
- In most cases a manual inspection of the information in the file
resulted in a clear resolution of the license that should apply (and
which scanner probably needed to revisit its heuristics).
- When it was not immediately clear, the license identifier was
confirmed with lawyers working with the Linux Foundation.
- If there was any question as to the appropriate license identifier,
the file was flagged for further research and to be revisited later
in time.
In total, over 70 hours of logged manual review was done on the
spreadsheet to determine the SPDX license identifiers to apply to the
source files by Kate, Philippe, Thomas and, in some cases, confirmation
by lawyers working with the Linux Foundation.
Kate also obtained a third independent scan of the 4.13 code base from
FOSSology, and compared selected files where the other two scanners
disagreed against that SPDX file, to see if there was new insights. The
Windriver scanner is based on an older version of FOSSology in part, so
they are related.
Thomas did random spot checks in about 500 files from the spreadsheets
for the uapi headers and agreed with SPDX license identifier in the
files he inspected. For the non-uapi files Thomas did random spot checks
in about 15000 files.
In initial set of patches against 4.14-rc6, 3 files were found to have
copy/paste license identifier errors, and have been fixed to reflect the
correct identifier.
Additionally Philippe spent 10 hours this week doing a detailed manual
inspection and review of the 12,461 patched files from the initial patch
version early this week with:
- a full scancode scan run, collecting the matched texts, detected
license ids and scores
- reviewing anything where there was a license detected (about 500+
files) to ensure that the applied SPDX license was correct
- reviewing anything where there was no detection but the patch license
was not GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note to ensure that the applied
SPDX license was correct
This produced a worksheet with 20 files needing minor correction. This
worksheet was then exported into 3 different .csv files for the
different types of files to be modified.
These .csv files were then reviewed by Greg. Thomas wrote a script to
parse the csv files and add the proper SPDX tag to the file, in the
format that the file expected. This script was further refined by Greg
based on the output to detect more types of files automatically and to
distinguish between header and source .c files (which need different
comment types.) Finally Greg ran the script using the .csv files to
generate the patches.
Reviewed-by: Kate Stewart <kstewart@linuxfoundation.org>
Reviewed-by: Philippe Ombredanne <pombredanne@nexb.com>
Reviewed-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
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They're already provided by <asm/sections.h>.
Signed-off-by: Geert Uytterhoeven <geert@linux-m68k.org>
Cc: "Luck, Tony" <tony.luck@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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Initial fix for making sure that we can access percpu variables
in all C code (commit: 10617bbe84628eb18ab5f723d3ba35005adde143)
inadvertantly allocated the memory in the "percpu" section of
the vmlinux ELF executable. This confused kexec/dump.
Signed-off-by: Tony Luck <tony.luck@intel.com>
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Broke the non modular builds by moving an essential function into
modules.c. Fix this by moving it out again and into asm/sections.h as
an inline. To do this, the definitions of struct fdesc and struct
got_val have been lifted out of modules.c and put in asm/elf.h where
they belong.
Signed-off-by: James Bottomley <James.Bottomley@HansenPartnership.com>
Signed-off-by: Tony Luck <tony.luck@intel.com>
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It was introduced by "vsprintf: add support for '%pS' and '%pF' pointer
formats" in commit 0fe1ef24f7bd0020f29ffe287dfdb9ead33ca0b2. However,
the current way its coded doesn't work on parisc64. For two reasons: 1)
parisc isn't in the #ifdef and 2) parisc has a different format for
function descriptors
Make dereference_function_descriptor() more accommodating by allowing
architecture overrides. I put the three overrides (for parisc64, ppc64
and ia64) in arch/kernel/module.c because that's where the kernel
internal linker which knows how to deal with function descriptors sits.
Signed-off-by: James Bottomley <James.Bottomley@HansenPartnership.com>
Acked-by: Benjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org>
Acked-by: Tony Luck <tony.luck@intel.com>
Acked-by: Kyle McMartin <kyle@mcmartin.ca>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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After moving the the include files there were a few clean-ups:
1) Some files used #include <asm-ia64/xyz.h>, changed to <asm/xyz.h>
2) Some comments alerted maintainers to look at various header files to
make matching updates if certain code were to be changed. Updated these
comments to use the new include paths.
3) Some header files mentioned their own names in initial comments. Just
deleted these self references.
Signed-off-by: Tony Luck <tony.luck@intel.com>
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