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This patch introduces pblk, a host-side translation layer for
Open-Channel SSDs to expose them like block devices. The translation
layer allows data placement decisions, and I/O scheduling to be
managed by the host, enabling users to optimize the SSD for their
specific workloads.
An open-channel SSD has a set of LUNs (parallel units) and a
collection of blocks. Each block can be read in any order, but
writes must be sequential. Writes may also fail, and if a block
requires it, must also be reset before new writes can be
applied.
To manage the constraints, pblk maintains a logical to
physical address (L2P) table, write cache, garbage
collection logic, recovery scheme, and logic to rate-limit
user I/Os versus garbage collection I/Os.
The L2P table is fully-associative and manages sectors at a
4KB granularity. Pblk stores the L2P table in two places, in
the out-of-band area of the media and on the last page of a
line. In the cause of a power failure, pblk will perform a
scan to recover the L2P table.
The user data is organized into lines. A line is data
striped across blocks and LUNs. The lines enable the host to
reduce the amount of metadata to maintain besides the user
data and makes it easier to implement RAID or erasure coding
in the future.
pblk implements multi-tenant support and can be instantiated
multiple times on the same drive. Each instance owns a
portion of the SSD - both regarding I/O bandwidth and
capacity - providing I/O isolation for each case.
Finally, pblk also exposes a sysfs interface that allows
user-space to peek into the internals of pblk. The interface
is available at /dev/block/*/pblk/ where * is the block
device name exposed.
This work also contains contributions from:
Matias Bjørling <matias@cnexlabs.com>
Simon A. F. Lund <slund@cnexlabs.com>
Young Tack Jin <youngtack.jin@gmail.com>
Huaicheng Li <huaicheng@cs.uchicago.edu>
Signed-off-by: Javier González <javier@cnexlabs.com>
Signed-off-by: Matias Bjørling <matias@cnexlabs.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <axboe@fb.com>
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For the first iteration of Open-Channel SSDs, it was anticipated that
there could be various media managers on top of an open-channel SSD,
such to allow vendors to plug in their own host-side FTLs, without the
media manager in between.
Now that an Open-Channel SSD is exposed as a traditional block device,
there is no longer a need for this. Therefore lets merge the gennvm code
with core and simplify the stack.
Signed-off-by: Matias Bjørling <matias@cnexlabs.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <axboe@fb.com>
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Previously, LBA read and write were not supported in the lightnvm
specification. Now that it supports it, lets use the traditional
NVMe gendisk, and attach the lightnvm sysfs geometry export.
Signed-off-by: Matias Bjørling <m@bjorling.me>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <axboe@fb.com>
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For a host to access an Open-Channel SSD, it has to know its geometry,
so that it writes and reads at the appropriate device bounds.
Currently, the geometry information is kept within the kernel, and not
exported to user-space for consumption. This patch exposes the
configuration through sysfs and enables user-space libraries, such as
liblightnvm, to use the sysfs implementation to get the geometry of an
Open-Channel SSD.
The sysfs entries are stored within the device hierarchy, and can be
found using the "lightnvm" device type.
An example configuration looks like this:
/sys/class/nvme/
└── nvme0n1
├── capabilities: 3
├── device_mode: 1
├── erase_max: 1000000
├── erase_typ: 1000000
├── flash_media_type: 0
├── media_capabilities: 0x00000001
├── media_type: 0
├── multiplane: 0x00010101
├── num_blocks: 1022
├── num_channels: 1
├── num_luns: 4
├── num_pages: 64
├── num_planes: 1
├── page_size: 4096
├── prog_max: 100000
├── prog_typ: 100000
├── read_max: 10000
├── read_typ: 10000
├── sector_oob_size: 0
├── sector_size: 4096
├── media_manager: gennvm
├── ppa_format: 0x380830082808001010102008
├── vendor_opcode: 0
├── max_phys_secs: 64
└── version: 1
Signed-off-by: Simon A. F. Lund <slund@cnexlabs.com>
Signed-off-by: Matias Bjørling <m@bjorling.me>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <axboe@fb.com>
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An Open-Channel SSD shall be initialized before use. To initialize, we
define an on-disk format, that keeps a small set of metadata to bring up
the media manager on top of the device.
The initial step is introduced to allow a user to format the disks for a
given media manager. During format, a system block is stored on one to
three separate luns on the device. Each lun has the system block
duplicated. During initialization, the system block can be retrieved and
the appropriate media manager can initialized.
The on-disk format currently covers (struct nvm_system_block):
- Magic value "NVMS".
- Monotonic increasing sequence number.
- The physical block erase count.
- Version of the system block format.
- Media manager type.
- Media manager superblock physical address.
The interface provides three functions to manage the system block:
int nvm_init_sysblock(struct nvm_dev *, struct nvm_sb_info *)
int nvm_get_sysblock(struct nvm *dev, struct nvm_sb_info *)
int nvm_update_sysblock(struct nvm *dev, struct nvm_sb_info *)
Each implement a part of the logic to manage the system block. The
initialization creates the first system blocks and mark them on the
device. Get retrieves the latest system block by scanning all pages in
the associated system blocks. The update sysblock writes new metadata
and allocates new block if necessary.
Signed-off-by: Matias Bjørling <m@bjorling.me>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <axboe@fb.com>
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This target allows an Open-Channel SSD to be exposed asas a block
device.
It implements a round-robin approach for sector allocation,
together with a greedy cost-based garbage collector.
Signed-off-by: Matias Bjørling <m@bjorling.me>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <axboe@fb.com>
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The implementation for Open-Channel SSDs is divided into media
management and targets. This patch implements a generic media manager
for open-channel SSDs. After a media manager has been initialized,
single or multiple targets can be instantiated with the media managed as
the backend.
Signed-off-by: Matias Bjørling <m@bjorling.me>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <axboe@fb.com>
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Open-channel SSDs are devices that share responsibilities with the host
in order to implement and maintain features that typical SSDs keep
strictly in firmware. These include (i) the Flash Translation Layer
(FTL), (ii) bad block management, and (iii) hardware units such as the
flash controller, the interface controller, and large amounts of flash
chips. In this way, Open-channels SSDs exposes direct access to their
physical flash storage, while keeping a subset of the internal features
of SSDs.
LightNVM is a specification that gives support to Open-channel SSDs
LightNVM allows the host to manage data placement, garbage collection,
and parallelism. Device specific responsibilities such as bad block
management, FTL extensions to support atomic IOs, or metadata
persistence are still handled by the device.
The implementation of LightNVM consists of two parts: core and
(multiple) targets. The core implements functionality shared across
targets. This is initialization, teardown and statistics. The targets
implement the interface that exposes physical flash to user-space
applications. Examples of such targets include key-value store,
object-store, as well as traditional block devices, which can be
application-specific.
Contributions in this patch from:
Javier Gonzalez <jg@lightnvm.io>
Dongsheng Yang <yangds.fnst@cn.fujitsu.com>
Jesper Madsen <jmad@itu.dk>
Signed-off-by: Matias Bjørling <m@bjorling.me>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <axboe@fb.com>
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