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prandom.h doesn't use percpu.h - this fixes some circular header issues.
Signed-off-by: Kent Overstreet <kent.overstreet@linux.dev>
Signed-off-by: Suren Baghdasaryan <surenb@google.com>
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Convert the final two users of prandom_u32_max() that slipped in during
6.2-rc1 to use get_random_u32_below().
Then, with no more users left, we can finally remove the deprecated
function.
Signed-off-by: Jason A. Donenfeld <Jason@zx2c4.com>
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<linux/prandom.h> uses DO_ONCE(), so it should include <linux/once.h>
directly. In contrast, <linux/random.h> does not use code from
<linux/once.h>, so it should be removed.
Move the `#include <linux/once.h>` line into the right file.
Signed-off-by: Christophe JAILLET <christophe.jaillet@wanadoo.fr>
Fixes: c0842fbc1b18 ("random32: move the pseudo-random 32-bit definitions to prandom.h")
Signed-off-by: Jason A. Donenfeld <Jason@zx2c4.com>
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Until the very recent commits, many bounded random integers were
calculated using `get_random_u32() % max_plus_one`, which not only
incurs the price of a division -- indicating performance mostly was not
a real issue -- but also does not result in a uniformly distributed
output if max_plus_one is not a power of two. Recent commits moved to
using `prandom_u32_max(max_plus_one)`, which replaces the division with
a faster multiplication, but still does not solve the issue with
non-uniform output.
For some users, maybe this isn't a problem, and for others, maybe it is,
but for the majority of users, probably the question has never been
posed and analyzed, and nobody thought much about it, probably assuming
random is random is random. In other words, the unthinking expectation
of most users is likely that the resultant numbers are uniform.
So we implement here an efficient way of generating uniform bounded
random integers. Through use of compile-time evaluation, and avoiding
divisions as much as possible, this commit introduces no measurable
overhead. At least for hot-path uses tested, any potential difference
was lost in the noise. On both clang and gcc, code generation is pretty
small.
The new function, get_random_u32_below(), lives in random.h, rather than
prandom.h, and has a "get_random_xxx" function name, because it is
suitable for all uses, including cryptography.
In order to be efficient, we implement a kernel-specific variant of
Daniel Lemire's algorithm from "Fast Random Integer Generation in an
Interval", linked below. The kernel's variant takes advantage of
constant folding to avoid divisions entirely in the vast majority of
cases, works on both 32-bit and 64-bit architectures, and requests a
minimal amount of bytes from the RNG.
Link: https://arxiv.org/pdf/1805.10941.pdf
Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org # to ease future backports that use this api
Signed-off-by: Jason A. Donenfeld <Jason@zx2c4.com>
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With no callers left of prandom_u32() and prandom_bytes(), as well as
get_random_int(), remove these deprecated wrappers, in favor of
get_random_u32() and get_random_bytes().
Reviewed-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
Reviewed-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Reviewed-by: Yury Norov <yury.norov@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Jakub Kicinski <kuba@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Jason A. Donenfeld <Jason@zx2c4.com>
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When possible at compile-time, make use of smaller types in
prandom_u32_max(), so that we can use smaller batches from random.c,
which in turn leads to a 2x or 4x performance boost. This makes a
difference, for example, in kfence, which needs a fast stream of small
numbers (booleans).
At the same time, we use the occasion to update the old documentation on
these functions. prandom_u32() and prandom_bytes() have direct
replacements now in random.h, while prandom_u32_max() remains useful as
a prandom.h function, since it's not cryptographically secure by virtue
of not being evenly distributed.
Cc: Dominik Brodowski <linux@dominikbrodowski.net>
Acked-by: Marco Elver <elver@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Jason A. Donenfeld <Jason@zx2c4.com>
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random32.c has two random number generators in it: one that is meant to
be used deterministically, with some predefined seed, and one that does
the same exact thing as random.c, except does it poorly. The first one
has some use cases. The second one no longer does and can be replaced
with calls to random.c's proper random number generator.
The relatively recent siphash-based bad random32.c code was added in
response to concerns that the prior random32.c was too deterministic.
Out of fears that random.c was (at the time) too slow, this code was
anonymously contributed. Then out of that emerged a kind of shadow
entropy gathering system, with its own tentacles throughout various net
code, added willy nilly.
Stop👏making👏bespoke👏random👏number👏generators👏.
Fortunately, recent advances in random.c mean that we can stop playing
with this sketchiness, and just use get_random_u32(), which is now fast
enough. In micro benchmarks using RDPMC, I'm seeing the same median
cycle count between the two functions, with the mean being _slightly_
higher due to batches refilling (which we can optimize further need be).
However, when doing *real* benchmarks of the net functions that actually
use these random numbers, the mean cycles actually *decreased* slightly
(with the median still staying the same), likely because the additional
prandom code means icache misses and complexity, whereas random.c is
generally already being used by something else nearby.
The biggest benefit of this is that there are many users of prandom who
probably should be using cryptographically secure random numbers. This
makes all of those accidental cases become secure by just flipping a
switch. Later on, we can do a tree-wide cleanup to remove the static
inline wrapper functions that this commit adds.
There are also some low-ish hanging fruits for making this even faster
in the future: a get_random_u16() function for use in the networking
stack will give a 2x performance boost there, using SIMD for ChaCha20
will let us compute 4 or 8 or 16 blocks of output in parallel, instead
of just one, giving us large buffers for cheap, and introducing a
get_random_*_bh() function that assumes irqs are already disabled will
shave off a few cycles for ordinary calls. These are things we can chip
away at down the road.
Acked-by: Jakub Kicinski <kuba@kernel.org>
Acked-by: Theodore Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu>
Signed-off-by: Jason A. Donenfeld <Jason@zx2c4.com>
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The SipHash family of permutations is currently used in three places:
- siphash.c itself, used in the ordinary way it was intended.
- random32.c, in a construction from an anonymous contributor.
- random.c, as part of its fast_mix function.
Each one of these places reinvents the wheel with the same C code, same
rotation constants, and same symmetry-breaking constants.
This commit tidies things up a bit by placing macros for the
permutations and constants into siphash.h, where each of the three .c
users can access them. It also leaves a note dissuading more users of
them from emerging.
Signed-off-by: Jason A. Donenfeld <Jason@zx2c4.com>
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sparse generates the following warning:
include/linux/prandom.h:114:45: sparse: sparse: cast truncates bits from
constant value
This is because the 64-bit seed value is manipulated and then placed in a
u32, causing an implicit cast and truncation. A forced cast to u32 doesn't
prevent this warning, which is reasonable because a typecast doesn't prove
that truncation was expected.
Logical-AND the value with 0xffffffff to make explicit that truncation to
32-bit is intended.
Reported-by: kernel test robot <lkp@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Richard Fitzgerald <rf@opensource.cirrus.com>
Reviewed-by: Petr Mladek <pmladek@suse.com>
Signed-off-by: Petr Mladek <pmladek@suse.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20210525122012.6336-3-rf@opensource.cirrus.com
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With the removal of the interrupt perturbations in previous random32
change (random32: make prandom_u32() output unpredictable), the PRNG
has become 100% deterministic again. While SipHash is expected to be
way more robust against brute force than the previous Tausworthe LFSR,
there's still the risk that whoever has even one temporary access to
the PRNG's internal state is able to predict all subsequent draws till
the next reseed (roughly every minute). This may happen through a side
channel attack or any data leak.
This patch restores the spirit of commit f227e3ec3b5c ("random32: update
the net random state on interrupt and activity") in that it will perturb
the internal PRNG's statee using externally collected noise, except that
it will not pick that noise from the random pool's bits nor upon
interrupt, but will rather combine a few elements along the Tx path
that are collectively hard to predict, such as dev, skb and txq
pointers, packet length and jiffies values. These ones are combined
using a single round of SipHash into a single long variable that is
mixed with the net_rand_state upon each invocation.
The operation was inlined because it produces very small and efficient
code, typically 3 xor, 2 add and 2 rol. The performance was measured
to be the same (even very slightly better) than before the switch to
SipHash; on a 6-core 12-thread Core i7-8700k equipped with a 40G NIC
(i40e), the connection rate dropped from 556k/s to 555k/s while the
SYN cookie rate grew from 5.38 Mpps to 5.45 Mpps.
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/netdev/20200808152628.GA27941@SDF.ORG/
Cc: George Spelvin <lkml@sdf.org>
Cc: Amit Klein <aksecurity@gmail.com>
Cc: Eric Dumazet <edumazet@google.com>
Cc: "Jason A. Donenfeld" <Jason@zx2c4.com>
Cc: Andy Lutomirski <luto@kernel.org>
Cc: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: tytso@mit.edu
Cc: Florian Westphal <fw@strlen.de>
Cc: Marc Plumb <lkml.mplumb@gmail.com>
Tested-by: Sedat Dilek <sedat.dilek@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Willy Tarreau <w@1wt.eu>
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Non-cryptographic PRNGs may have great statistical properties, but
are usually trivially predictable to someone who knows the algorithm,
given a small sample of their output. An LFSR like prandom_u32() is
particularly simple, even if the sample is widely scattered bits.
It turns out the network stack uses prandom_u32() for some things like
random port numbers which it would prefer are *not* trivially predictable.
Predictability led to a practical DNS spoofing attack. Oops.
This patch replaces the LFSR with a homebrew cryptographic PRNG based
on the SipHash round function, which is in turn seeded with 128 bits
of strong random key. (The authors of SipHash have *not* been consulted
about this abuse of their algorithm.) Speed is prioritized over security;
attacks are rare, while performance is always wanted.
Replacing all callers of prandom_u32() is the quick fix.
Whether to reinstate a weaker PRNG for uses which can tolerate it
is an open question.
Commit f227e3ec3b5c ("random32: update the net random state on interrupt
and activity") was an earlier attempt at a solution. This patch replaces
it.
Reported-by: Amit Klein <aksecurity@gmail.com>
Cc: Willy Tarreau <w@1wt.eu>
Cc: Eric Dumazet <edumazet@google.com>
Cc: "Jason A. Donenfeld" <Jason@zx2c4.com>
Cc: Andy Lutomirski <luto@kernel.org>
Cc: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: tytso@mit.edu
Cc: Florian Westphal <fw@strlen.de>
Cc: Marc Plumb <lkml.mplumb@gmail.com>
Fixes: f227e3ec3b5c ("random32: update the net random state on interrupt and activity")
Signed-off-by: George Spelvin <lkml@sdf.org>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/netdev/20200808152628.GA27941@SDF.ORG/
[ willy: partial reversal of f227e3ec3b5c; moved SIPROUND definitions
to prandom.h for later use; merged George's prandom_seed() proposal;
inlined siprand_u32(); replaced the net_rand_state[] array with 4
members to fix a build issue; cosmetic cleanups to make checkpatch
happy; fixed RANDOM32_SELFTEST build ]
Signed-off-by: Willy Tarreau <w@1wt.eu>
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The addition of percpu.h to the list of includes in random.h revealed
some circular dependencies on arm64 and possibly other platforms. This
include was added solely for the pseudo-random definitions, which have
nothing to do with the rest of the definitions in this file but are
still there for legacy reasons.
This patch moves the pseudo-random parts to linux/prandom.h and the
percpu.h include with it, which is now guarded by _LINUX_PRANDOM_H and
protected against recursive inclusion.
A further cleanup step would be to remove this from <linux/random.h>
entirely, and make people who use the prandom infrastructure include
just the new header file. That's a bit of a churn patch, but grepping
for "prandom_" and "next_pseudo_random32" "struct rnd_state" should
catch most users.
But it turns out that that nice cleanup step is fairly painful, because
a _lot_ of code currently seems to depend on the implicit include of
<linux/random.h>, which can currently come in a lot of ways, including
such fairly core headfers as <linux/net.h>.
So the "nice cleanup" part may or may never happen.
Fixes: 1c9df907da83 ("random: fix circular include dependency on arm64 after addition of percpu.h")
Tested-by: Guenter Roeck <linux@roeck-us.net>
Acked-by: Willy Tarreau <w@1wt.eu>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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