summaryrefslogtreecommitdiff
path: root/Documentation/RCU/RTFP.txt
blob: db8f16b392aa6d1525744767f0732cf090f8e170 (plain)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
1001
1002
1003
1004
1005
1006
1007
1008
1009
1010
1011
1012
1013
1014
1015
1016
1017
1018
1019
1020
1021
1022
1023
1024
1025
1026
1027
1028
1029
1030
1031
1032
1033
1034
1035
1036
1037
1038
1039
1040
1041
1042
1043
1044
1045
1046
1047
1048
1049
1050
1051
1052
1053
1054
1055
1056
1057
1058
1059
1060
1061
1062
1063
1064
1065
1066
1067
1068
1069
1070
1071
1072
1073
1074
1075
1076
1077
1078
1079
1080
1081
1082
1083
1084
1085
1086
1087
1088
1089
1090
1091
1092
1093
1094
1095
1096
1097
1098
1099
1100
1101
1102
1103
1104
1105
1106
1107
1108
1109
1110
1111
1112
1113
1114
1115
1116
1117
1118
1119
1120
1121
1122
1123
1124
1125
1126
1127
1128
1129
1130
1131
1132
1133
1134
1135
1136
1137
1138
1139
1140
1141
1142
1143
1144
1145
1146
1147
1148
1149
1150
1151
1152
1153
1154
1155
1156
1157
1158
1159
1160
1161
1162
1163
1164
1165
1166
1167
1168
1169
1170
1171
1172
1173
1174
1175
1176
1177
1178
1179
1180
1181
1182
1183
1184
1185
1186
1187
1188
1189
1190
1191
1192
1193
1194
1195
1196
1197
1198
1199
1200
1201
1202
1203
1204
1205
1206
1207
1208
1209
1210
1211
1212
1213
1214
1215
1216
1217
1218
1219
1220
1221
1222
1223
1224
1225
1226
1227
1228
1229
1230
1231
1232
1233
1234
1235
1236
1237
1238
1239
1240
1241
1242
1243
1244
1245
1246
1247
1248
1249
1250
1251
1252
1253
1254
1255
1256
1257
1258
1259
1260
1261
1262
1263
1264
1265
1266
1267
1268
1269
1270
1271
1272
1273
1274
1275
1276
1277
1278
1279
1280
1281
1282
1283
1284
1285
1286
1287
1288
1289
1290
1291
1292
1293
1294
1295
1296
1297
1298
1299
1300
1301
1302
1303
1304
1305
1306
1307
1308
1309
1310
1311
1312
1313
1314
1315
1316
1317
1318
1319
1320
1321
1322
1323
1324
1325
1326
1327
1328
1329
1330
1331
1332
1333
1334
1335
1336
1337
1338
1339
1340
1341
1342
1343
1344
1345
1346
1347
1348
1349
1350
1351
1352
1353
1354
1355
1356
1357
1358
1359
1360
1361
1362
1363
1364
1365
1366
1367
1368
1369
1370
1371
1372
1373
1374
1375
1376
1377
1378
1379
1380
1381
1382
1383
1384
1385
1386
1387
1388
1389
1390
1391
1392
1393
1394
1395
1396
1397
1398
1399
1400
1401
1402
1403
1404
1405
1406
1407
1408
1409
1410
1411
1412
1413
1414
1415
1416
1417
1418
1419
1420
1421
1422
1423
1424
1425
1426
1427
1428
1429
1430
1431
1432
1433
1434
1435
1436
1437
1438
1439
1440
1441
1442
1443
1444
1445
1446
1447
1448
1449
1450
1451
1452
1453
1454
1455
1456
1457
1458
1459
1460
1461
1462
1463
1464
1465
1466
1467
1468
1469
1470
1471
1472
1473
1474
1475
1476
1477
1478
1479
1480
1481
1482
1483
1484
1485
1486
1487
1488
1489
1490
1491
1492
1493
1494
1495
1496
1497
1498
1499
1500
1501
1502
1503
1504
1505
1506
1507
1508
1509
1510
1511
1512
1513
1514
1515
1516
1517
1518
1519
1520
1521
1522
1523
1524
1525
1526
1527
1528
1529
1530
1531
1532
1533
1534
1535
1536
1537
1538
1539
1540
1541
1542
1543
1544
1545
1546
1547
1548
1549
1550
1551
1552
1553
1554
1555
1556
1557
1558
1559
1560
1561
1562
1563
1564
1565
1566
1567
1568
1569
1570
1571
1572
1573
1574
1575
1576
1577
1578
1579
1580
1581
1582
1583
1584
1585
1586
1587
1588
1589
1590
1591
1592
1593
1594
1595
1596
1597
1598
1599
1600
1601
1602
1603
1604
1605
1606
1607
1608
1609
1610
1611
1612
1613
1614
1615
1616
1617
1618
1619
1620
1621
1622
1623
1624
1625
1626
1627
1628
1629
1630
1631
1632
1633
1634
1635
1636
1637
1638
1639
1640
1641
1642
1643
1644
1645
1646
1647
1648
1649
1650
1651
1652
1653
1654
1655
1656
1657
1658
1659
1660
1661
1662
1663
1664
1665
1666
1667
1668
1669
1670
1671
1672
1673
1674
1675
1676
1677
1678
1679
1680
1681
1682
1683
1684
1685
1686
1687
1688
1689
1690
1691
1692
1693
1694
1695
1696
1697
1698
1699
1700
1701
1702
1703
1704
1705
1706
1707
1708
1709
1710
1711
1712
1713
1714
1715
1716
1717
1718
1719
1720
1721
1722
1723
1724
1725
1726
1727
1728
1729
1730
1731
1732
1733
1734
1735
1736
1737
1738
1739
1740
1741
1742
1743
1744
1745
1746
1747
1748
1749
1750
1751
1752
1753
1754
1755
1756
1757
1758
1759
1760
1761
1762
1763
1764
1765
1766
1767
1768
1769
1770
1771
1772
1773
1774
1775
1776
1777
1778
1779
1780
1781
1782
1783
1784
1785
1786
1787
1788
1789
1790
1791
1792
1793
1794
1795
1796
1797
1798
1799
1800
1801
1802
1803
1804
1805
1806
1807
1808
1809
1810
1811
1812
1813
1814
1815
1816
1817
1818
1819
1820
1821
1822
1823
1824
1825
1826
1827
1828
1829
1830
1831
1832
1833
1834
1835
1836
1837
1838
1839
1840
1841
1842
1843
1844
1845
1846
1847
1848
1849
1850
1851
1852
1853
1854
1855
1856
1857
1858
1859
1860
1861
1862
1863
1864
1865
1866
1867
1868
1869
1870
1871
1872
1873
1874
1875
1876
1877
1878
1879
1880
1881
1882
1883
1884
1885
1886
1887
1888
1889
1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030
2031
2032
2033
2034
2035
2036
2037
2038
2039
2040
2041
2042
2043
2044
2045
2046
2047
2048
2049
2050
2051
2052
2053
2054
2055
2056
2057
2058
2059
2060
2061
2062
2063
2064
2065
2066
2067
2068
2069
2070
2071
2072
2073
2074
2075
2076
2077
2078
2079
2080
2081
2082
2083
2084
2085
2086
2087
2088
2089
2090
2091
2092
2093
2094
2095
2096
2097
2098
2099
2100
2101
2102
2103
2104
2105
2106
2107
2108
2109
2110
2111
2112
2113
2114
2115
2116
2117
2118
2119
2120
2121
2122
2123
2124
2125
2126
2127
2128
2129
2130
2131
2132
2133
2134
2135
2136
2137
2138
2139
2140
2141
2142
2143
2144
2145
2146
2147
2148
2149
2150
2151
2152
2153
2154
2155
2156
2157
2158
2159
2160
2161
2162
2163
2164
2165
2166
2167
2168
2169
2170
2171
2172
2173
2174
2175
2176
2177
2178
2179
2180
2181
2182
2183
2184
2185
2186
2187
2188
2189
2190
2191
2192
2193
2194
2195
2196
2197
2198
2199
2200
2201
2202
2203
2204
2205
2206
2207
2208
2209
2210
2211
2212
2213
2214
2215
2216
2217
2218
2219
2220
2221
2222
2223
2224
2225
2226
2227
2228
2229
2230
2231
2232
2233
2234
2235
2236
2237
2238
2239
2240
2241
2242
2243
2244
2245
2246
2247
2248
2249
2250
2251
2252
2253
2254
2255
2256
2257
2258
2259
2260
2261
2262
2263
2264
2265
2266
2267
2268
2269
2270
2271
2272
2273
2274
2275
2276
2277
2278
2279
2280
2281
2282
2283
2284
2285
2286
2287
2288
2289
2290
2291
2292
2293
2294
2295
2296
2297
2298
2299
2300
2301
2302
2303
2304
2305
2306
2307
2308
2309
2310
2311
2312
2313
2314
2315
2316
2317
2318
2319
2320
2321
2322
2323
2324
2325
2326
2327
2328
2329
2330
2331
2332
2333
2334
2335
2336
2337
2338
2339
2340
2341
2342
2343
2344
2345
2346
2347
2348
2349
2350
2351
2352
2353
2354
2355
2356
2357
2358
2359
2360
2361
2362
2363
2364
2365
2366
2367
2368
2369
2370
2371
2372
2373
2374
2375
2376
2377
2378
2379
2380
2381
2382
2383
2384
2385
2386
2387
2388
2389
2390
2391
2392
2393
2394
2395
2396
2397
2398
2399
2400
2401
2402
2403
2404
2405
2406
2407
2408
2409
2410
2411
2412
2413
2414
2415
2416
2417
2418
2419
2420
2421
2422
2423
2424
2425
2426
2427
2428
2429
2430
2431
2432
2433
2434
2435
2436
2437
2438
2439
2440
2441
2442
2443
2444
2445
2446
2447
2448
2449
2450
2451
2452
2453
2454
2455
2456
2457
2458
2459
2460
2461
2462
2463
2464
2465
2466
2467
2468
2469
2470
2471
2472
2473
2474
2475
2476
2477
2478
2479
2480
2481
2482
2483
2484
2485
2486
2487
2488
2489
2490
2491
2492
2493
2494
2495
2496
2497
2498
2499
2500
2501
2502
2503
2504
2505
2506
2507
2508
2509
2510
2511
2512
2513
2514
2515
2516
2517
2518
2519
2520
2521
2522
2523
2524
2525
2526
2527
2528
2529
2530
2531
2532
2533
2534
2535
2536
2537
2538
2539
2540
2541
2542
2543
2544
2545
2546
2547
2548
2549
2550
2551
2552
2553
2554
2555
2556
2557
2558
2559
2560
2561
2562
2563
2564
2565
2566
2567
2568
2569
2570
2571
2572
2573
2574
2575
2576
2577
2578
2579
2580
2581
2582
2583
2584
2585
2586
2587
2588
2589
2590
2591
2592
2593
2594
2595
2596
2597
2598
2599
2600
2601
2602
2603
2604
2605
2606
2607
2608
2609
2610
2611
2612
2613
2614
2615
2616
2617
2618
2619
2620
2621
2622
2623
2624
2625
2626
2627
2628
2629
2630
2631
2632
2633
2634
2635
2636
2637
2638
2639
2640
2641
2642
2643
2644
2645
2646
2647
2648
2649
2650
2651
2652
2653
2654
2655
2656
2657
2658
2659
2660
2661
2662
2663
2664
2665
2666
2667
2668
2669
2670
2671
2672
2673
2674
2675
2676
2677
2678
2679
2680
2681
2682
2683
2684
2685
2686
2687
2688
2689
2690
2691
2692
2693
2694
2695
2696
2697
2698
2699
2700
2701
2702
2703
2704
2705
2706
2707
2708
2709
2710
2711
2712
2713
2714
2715
2716
2717
2718
2719
2720
2721
2722
2723
2724
2725
2726
2727
2728
2729
2730
2731
2732
2733
2734
2735
2736
2737
2738
2739
2740
2741
2742
2743
2744
2745
2746
2747
2748
2749
2750
2751
2752
2753
2754
2755
2756
2757
2758
2759
2760
2761
2762
2763
2764
2765
2766
2767
2768
2769
2770
2771
2772
2773
2774
2775
2776
2777
2778
2779
2780
2781
2782
2783
2784
2785
2786
2787
2788
2789
2790
2791
2792
2793
2794
2795
2796
2797
2798
2799
2800
2801
2802
2803
2804
2805
2806
2807
2808
2809
2810
2811
2812
Read the Fscking Papers!


This document describes RCU-related publications, and is followed by
the corresponding bibtex entries.  A number of the publications may
be found at http://www.rdrop.com/users/paulmck/RCU/.  For others, browsers
and search engines will usually find what you are looking for.

The first thing resembling RCU was published in 1980, when Kung and Lehman
[Kung80] recommended use of a garbage collector to defer destruction
of nodes in a parallel binary search tree in order to simplify its
implementation.  This works well in environments that have garbage
collectors, but most production garbage collectors incur significant
overhead.

In 1982, Manber and Ladner [Manber82,Manber84] recommended deferring
destruction until all threads running at that time have terminated, again
for a parallel binary search tree.  This approach works well in systems
with short-lived threads, such as the K42 research operating system.
However, Linux has long-lived tasks, so more is needed.

In 1986, Hennessy, Osisek, and Seigh [Hennessy89] introduced passive
serialization, which is an RCU-like mechanism that relies on the presence
of "quiescent states" in the VM/XA hypervisor that are guaranteed not
to be referencing the data structure.  However, this mechanism was not
optimized for modern computer systems, which is not surprising given
that these overheads were not so expensive in the mid-80s.  Nonetheless,
passive serialization appears to be the first deferred-destruction
mechanism to be used in production.  Furthermore, the relevant patent
has lapsed, so this approach may be used in non-GPL software, if desired.
(In contrast, implementation of RCU is permitted only in software licensed
under either GPL or LGPL.  Sorry!!!)

In 1987, Rashid et al. described lazy TLB-flush [RichardRashid87a].
At first glance, this has nothing to do with RCU, but nevertheless
this paper helped inspire the update-side batching used in the later
RCU implementation in DYNIX/ptx.  In 1988, Barbara Liskov published
a description of Argus that noted that use of out-of-date values can
be tolerated in some situations.  Thus, this paper provides some early
theoretical justification for use of stale data.

In 1990, Pugh [Pugh90] noted that explicitly tracking which threads
were reading a given data structure permitted deferred free to operate
in the presence of non-terminating threads.  However, this explicit
tracking imposes significant read-side overhead, which is undesirable
in read-mostly situations.  This algorithm does take pains to avoid
write-side contention and parallelize the other write-side overheads by
providing a fine-grained locking design, however, it would be interesting
to see how much of the performance advantage reported in 1990 remains
today.

At about this same time, Andrews [Andrews91textbook] described ``chaotic
relaxation'', where the normal barriers between successive iterations
of convergent numerical algorithms are relaxed, so that iteration $n$
might use data from iteration $n-1$ or even $n-2$.  This introduces
error, which typically slows convergence and thus increases the number of
iterations required.  However, this increase is sometimes more than made
up for by a reduction in the number of expensive barrier operations,
which are otherwise required to synchronize the threads at the end
of each iteration.  Unfortunately, chaotic relaxation requires highly
structured data, such as the matrices used in scientific programs, and
is thus inapplicable to most data structures in operating-system kernels.

In 1992, Henry (now Alexia) Massalin completed a dissertation advising
parallel programmers to defer processing when feasible to simplify
synchronization [HMassalinPhD].  RCU makes extremely heavy use of
this advice.

In 1993, Jacobson [Jacobson93] verbally described what is perhaps the
simplest deferred-free technique: simply waiting a fixed amount of time
before freeing blocks awaiting deferred free.  Jacobson did not describe
any write-side changes he might have made in this work using SGI's Irix
kernel.  Aju John published a similar technique in 1995 [AjuJohn95].
This works well if there is a well-defined upper bound on the length of
time that reading threads can hold references, as there might well be in
hard real-time systems.  However, if this time is exceeded, perhaps due
to preemption, excessive interrupts, or larger-than-anticipated load,
memory corruption can ensue, with no reasonable means of diagnosis.
Jacobson's technique is therefore inappropriate for use in production
operating-system kernels, except when such kernels can provide hard
real-time response guarantees for all operations.

Also in 1995, Pu et al. [Pu95a] applied a technique similar to that of Pugh's
read-side-tracking to permit replugging of algorithms within a commercial
Unix operating system.  However, this replugging permitted only a single
reader at a time.  The following year, this same group of researchers
extended their technique to allow for multiple readers [Cowan96a].
Their approach requires memory barriers (and thus pipeline stalls),
but reduces memory latency, contention, and locking overheads.

1995 also saw the first publication of DYNIX/ptx's RCU mechanism
[Slingwine95], which was optimized for modern CPU architectures,
and was successfully applied to a number of situations within the
DYNIX/ptx kernel.  The corresponding conference paper appeared in 1998
[McKenney98].

In 1999, the Tornado and K42 groups described their "generations"
mechanism, which is quite similar to RCU [Gamsa99].  These operating
systems made pervasive use of RCU in place of "existence locks", which
greatly simplifies locking hierarchies and helps avoid deadlocks.

The year 2000 saw an email exchange that would likely have
led to yet another independent invention of something like RCU
[RustyRussell2000a,RustyRussell2000b].  Instead, 2001 saw the first
RCU presentation involving Linux [McKenney01a] at OLS.  The resulting
abundance of RCU patches was presented the following year [McKenney02a],
and use of RCU in dcache was first described that same year [Linder02a].

Also in 2002, Michael [Michael02b,Michael02a] presented "hazard-pointer"
techniques that defer the destruction of data structures to simplify
non-blocking synchronization (wait-free synchronization, lock-free
synchronization, and obstruction-free synchronization are all examples of
non-blocking synchronization).  The corresponding journal article appeared
in 2004 [MagedMichael04a].  This technique eliminates locking, reduces
contention, reduces memory latency for readers, and parallelizes pipeline
stalls and memory latency for writers.  However, these techniques still
impose significant read-side overhead in the form of memory barriers.
Researchers at Sun worked along similar lines in the same timeframe
[HerlihyLM02].  These techniques can be thought of as inside-out reference
counts, where the count is represented by the number of hazard pointers
referencing a given data structure rather than the more conventional
counter field within the data structure itself.  The key advantage
of inside-out reference counts is that they can be stored in immortal
variables, thus allowing races between access and deletion to be avoided.

By the same token, RCU can be thought of as a "bulk reference count",
where some form of reference counter covers all reference by a given CPU
or thread during a set timeframe.  This timeframe is related to, but
not necessarily exactly the same as, an RCU grace period.  In classic
RCU, the reference counter is the per-CPU bit in the "bitmask" field,
and each such bit covers all references that might have been made by
the corresponding CPU during the prior grace period.  Of course, RCU
can be thought of in other terms as well.

In 2003, the K42 group described how RCU could be used to create
hot-pluggable implementations of operating-system functions [Appavoo03a].
Later that year saw a paper describing an RCU implementation
of System V IPC [Arcangeli03] (following up on a suggestion by
Hugh Dickins [Dickins02a] and an implementation by Mingming Cao
[MingmingCao2002IPCRCU]), and an introduction to RCU in Linux Journal
[McKenney03a].

2004 has seen a Linux-Journal article on use of RCU in dcache
[McKenney04a], a performance comparison of locking to RCU on several
different CPUs [McKenney04b], a dissertation describing use of RCU in a
number of operating-system kernels [PaulEdwardMcKenneyPhD], a paper
describing how to make RCU safe for soft-realtime applications [Sarma04c],
and a paper describing SELinux performance with RCU [JamesMorris04b].

2005 brought further adaptation of RCU to realtime use, permitting
preemption of RCU realtime critical sections [PaulMcKenney05a,
PaulMcKenney05b].

2006 saw the first best-paper award for an RCU paper [ThomasEHart2006a],
as well as further work on efficient implementations of preemptible
RCU [PaulEMcKenney2006b], but priority-boosting of RCU read-side critical
sections proved elusive.  An RCU implementation permitting general
blocking in read-side critical sections appeared [PaulEMcKenney2006c],
Robert Olsson described an RCU-protected trie-hash combination
[RobertOlsson2006a].

2007 saw the journal version of the award-winning RCU paper from 2006
[ThomasEHart2007a], as well as a paper demonstrating use of Promela
and Spin to mechanically verify an optimization to Oleg Nesterov's
QRCU [PaulEMcKenney2007QRCUspin], a design document describing
preemptible RCU [PaulEMcKenney2007PreemptibleRCU], and the three-part
LWN "What is RCU?" series [PaulEMcKenney2007WhatIsRCUFundamentally,
PaulEMcKenney2008WhatIsRCUUsage, and PaulEMcKenney2008WhatIsRCUAPI].

2008 saw a journal paper on real-time RCU [DinakarGuniguntala2008IBMSysJ],
a history of how Linux changed RCU more than RCU changed Linux
[PaulEMcKenney2008RCUOSR], and a design overview of hierarchical RCU
[PaulEMcKenney2008HierarchicalRCU].

2009 introduced user-level RCU algorithms [PaulEMcKenney2009MaliciousURCU],
which Mathieu Desnoyers is now maintaining [MathieuDesnoyers2009URCU]
[MathieuDesnoyersPhD].  TINY_RCU [PaulEMcKenney2009BloatWatchRCU] made
its appearance, as did expedited RCU [PaulEMcKenney2009expeditedRCU].
The problem of resizable RCU-protected hash tables may now be on a path
to a solution [JoshTriplett2009RPHash].  A few academic researchers are now
using RCU to solve their parallel problems [HariKannan2009DynamicAnalysisRCU].

2010 produced a simpler preemptible-RCU implementation
based on TREE_RCU [PaulEMcKenney2010SimpleOptRCU], lockdep-RCU
[PaulEMcKenney2010LockdepRCU], another resizable RCU-protected hash
table [HerbertXu2010RCUResizeHash] (this one consuming more memory,
but allowing arbitrary changes in hash function, as required for DoS
avoidance in the networking code), realization of the 2009 RCU-protected
hash table with atomic node move [JoshTriplett2010RPHash], an update on
the RCU API [PaulEMcKenney2010RCUAPI].

2011 marked the inclusion of Nick Piggin's fully lockless dentry search
[LinusTorvalds2011Linux2:6:38:rc1:NPigginVFS], an RCU-protected red-black
tree using software transactional memory to protect concurrent updates
(strange, but true!) [PhilHoward2011RCUTMRBTree], yet another variant of
RCU-protected resizable hash tables [Triplett:2011:RPHash], the 3.0 RCU
trainwreck [PaulEMcKenney2011RCU3.0trainwreck], and Neil Brown's "Meet the
Lockers" LWN article [NeilBrown2011MeetTheLockers].  Some academic
work looked at debugging uses of RCU [Seyster:2011:RFA:2075416.2075425].

In 2012, Josh Triplett received his Ph.D. with his dissertation
covering RCU-protected resizable hash tables and the relationship
between memory barriers and read-side traversal order:  If the updater
is making changes in the opposite direction from the read-side traversal
order, the updater need only execute a memory-barrier instruction,
but if in the same direction, the updater needs to wait for a grace
period between the individual updates [JoshTriplettPhD].  Also in 2012,
after seventeen years of attempts, an RCU paper made it into a top-flight
academic journal, IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems
[MathieuDesnoyers2012URCU].  A group of researchers in Spain applied
user-level RCU to crowd simulation [GuillermoVigueras2012RCUCrowd], and
another group of researchers in Europe produced a formal description of
RCU based on separation logic [AlexeyGotsman2012VerifyGraceExtended],
which was published in the 2013 European Symposium on Programming
[AlexeyGotsman2013ESOPRCU].



Bibtex Entries

@article{Kung80
,author="H. T. Kung and Q. Lehman"
,title="Concurrent Manipulation of Binary Search Trees"
,Year="1980"
,Month="September"
,journal="ACM Transactions on Database Systems"
,volume="5"
,number="3"
,pages="354-382"
,annotation={
	Use garbage collector to clean up data after everyone is done with it.
	.
	Oldest use of something vaguely resembling RCU that I have found.
	http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=320619&dl=GUIDE,
	[Viewed December 3, 2007]
}
}

@techreport{Manber82
,author="Udi Manber and Richard E. Ladner"
,title="Concurrency Control in a Dynamic Search Structure"
,institution="Department of Computer Science, University of Washington"
,address="Seattle, Washington"
,year="1982"
,number="82-01-01"
,month="January"
,pages="28"
,annotation={
	.
	Superseded by Manber84.
	.
	Describes concurrent AVL tree implementation.  Uses a
	garbage-collection mechanism to handle concurrent use and deletion
	of nodes in the tree, but lacks the summary-of-execution-history
	concept of read-copy locking.
	.
	Keeps full list of processes that were active when a given
	node was to be deleted, and waits until all such processes have
	-terminated- before allowing this node to be reused.  This is
	not described in great detail -- one could imagine using process
	IDs for this if the ID space was large enough that overlapping
	never occurred.
	.
	This restriction makes this algorithm unsuitable for use in
	systems comprised of long-lived processes.  It also produces
	completely unacceptable overhead in systems with large numbers
	of processes.  Finally, it is specific to AVL trees.
	.
	Cites Kung80, so not an independent invention, but the first
	RCU-like usage that does not rely on an automatic garbage
	collector.
}
}

@article{Manber84
,author="Udi Manber and Richard E. Ladner"
,title="Concurrency Control in a Dynamic Search Structure"
,Year="1984"
,Month="September"
,journal="ACM Transactions on Database Systems"
,volume="9"
,number="3"
,pages="439-455"
,annotation={
	Describes concurrent AVL tree implementation.  Uses a
	garbage-collection mechanism to handle concurrent use and deletion
	of nodes in the tree, but lacks the summary-of-execution-history
	concept of read-copy locking.
	.
	Keeps full list of processes that were active when a given
	node was to be deleted, and waits until all such processes have
	-terminated- before allowing this node to be reused.  This is
	not described in great detail -- one could imagine using process
	IDs for this if the ID space was large enough that overlapping
	never occurred.
	.
	This restriction makes this algorithm unsuitable for use in
	systems comprised of long-lived processes.  It also produces
	completely unacceptable overhead in systems with large numbers
	of processes.  Finally, it is specific to AVL trees.
}
}

@Conference{RichardRashid87a
,Author="Richard Rashid and Avadis Tevanian and Michael Young and
David Golub and Robert Baron and David Black and William Bolosky and
Jonathan Chew"
,Title="Machine-Independent Virtual Memory Management for Paged
Uniprocessor and Multiprocessor Architectures"
,Booktitle="{2\textsuperscript{nd} Symposium on Architectural Support
for Programming Languages and Operating Systems}"
,Publisher="Association for Computing Machinery"
,Month="October"
,Year="1987"
,pages="31-39"
,Address="Palo Alto, CA"
,note="Available:
\url{http://www.cse.ucsc.edu/~randal/221/rashid-machvm.pdf}
[Viewed February 17, 2005]"
,annotation={
	Describes lazy TLB flush, where one waits for each CPU to pass
	through a scheduling-clock interrupt before reusing a given range
	of virtual address.  Does not describe how one determines that
	all CPUs have in fact taken such an interrupt, though there are
	no shortage of straightforward methods for accomplishing this.
	.
	Note that it does not make sense to just wait a fixed amount of
	time, since a given CPU might have interrupts disabled for an
	extended amount of time.
}
}

@article{BarbaraLiskov1988ArgusCACM
,author = {Barbara Liskov}
,title = {Distributed programming in {Argus}}
,journal = {Commun. ACM}
,volume = {31}
,number = {3}
,year = {1988}
,issn = {0001-0782}
,pages = {300--312}
,doi = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/42392.42399}
,publisher = {ACM}
,address = {New York, NY, USA}
,annotation={
	At the top of page 307: "Conflicts with deposits and withdrawals
	are necessary if the reported total is to be up to date.  They
	could be avoided by having total return a sum that is slightly
	out of date."  Relies on semantics -- approximate numerical
	values sometimes OK.
}
}

@techreport{Hennessy89
,author="James P. Hennessy and Damian L. Osisek and Joseph W. {Seigh II}"
,title="Passive Serialization in a Multitasking Environment"
,institution="US Patent and Trademark Office"
,address="Washington, DC"
,year="1989"
,number="US Patent 4,809,168 (lapsed)"
,month="February"
,pages="11"
}

@techreport{Pugh90
,author="William Pugh"
,title="Concurrent Maintenance of Skip Lists"
,institution="Institute of Advanced Computer Science Studies, Department of Computer Science, University of Maryland"
,address="College Park, Maryland"
,year="1990"
,number="CS-TR-2222.1"
,month="June"
,annotation={
	Concurrent access to skip lists.  Has both weak and strong search.
	Uses concept of ``garbage queue'', but has no real way of cleaning
	the garbage efficiently.
	.
	Appears to be an independent invention of an RCU-like mechanism.
}
}

# Was Adams91, see also syncrefs.bib.
@Book{Andrews91textbook
,Author="Gregory R. Andrews"
,title="Concurrent Programming, Principles, and Practices"
,Publisher="Benjamin Cummins"
,Year="1991"
,annotation={
	Has a few paragraphs describing ``chaotic relaxation'', a
	numerical analysis technique that allows multiprocessors to
	avoid synchronization overhead by using possibly-stale data.
	.
	Seems like this is descended from yet another independent
	invention of RCU-like function -- but this is restricted
	in that reclamation is not necessary.
}
}

@phdthesis{HMassalinPhD
,author="H. Massalin"
,title="Synthesis: An Efficient Implementation of Fundamental Operating
System Services"
,school="Columbia University"
,address="New York, NY"
,year="1992"
,annotation={
	Mondo optimizing compiler.
	Wait-free stuff.
	Good advice: defer work to avoid synchronization.  See page 90
		(PDF page 106), Section 5.4, fourth bullet point.
}
}

@unpublished{Jacobson93
,author="Van Jacobson"
,title="Avoid Read-Side Locking Via Delayed Free"
,year="1993"
,month="September"
,note="private communication"
,annotation={
	Use fixed time delay to approximate grace period.  Very simple,
	but subject to random memory corruption under heavy load.
	.
	Independent invention of RCU-like mechanism.
}
}

@Conference{AjuJohn95
,Author="Aju John"
,Title="Dynamic vnodes -- Design and Implementation"
,Booktitle="{USENIX Winter 1995}"
,Publisher="USENIX Association"
,Month="January"
,Year="1995"
,pages="11-23"
,Address="New Orleans, LA"
,note="Available:
\url{https://www.usenix.org/publications/library/proceedings/neworl/full_papers/john.a}
[Viewed October 1, 2010]"
,annotation={
	Age vnodes out of the cache, and have a fixed time set by a kernel
	parameter.  Not clear that all races were in fact correctly handled.
	Used a 20-minute time by default, which would most definitely not
	be suitable during DoS attacks or virus scans.
	.
	Apparently independent invention of RCU-like mechanism.
}
}

@conference{Pu95a
,Author = "Calton Pu and Tito Autrey and Andrew Black and Charles Consel and
Crispin Cowan and Jon Inouye and Lakshmi Kethana and Jonathan Walpole and
Ke Zhang"
,Title = "Optimistic Incremental Specialization: Streamlining a Commercial
,Operating System"
,Booktitle = "15\textsuperscript{th} ACM Symposium on
,Operating Systems Principles (SOSP'95)"
,address = "Copper Mountain, CO"
,month="December"
,year="1995"
,pages="314-321"
,annotation={
	Uses a replugger, but with a flag to signal when people are
	using the resource at hand.  Only one reader at a time.
}
}

@conference{Cowan96a
,Author = "Crispin Cowan and Tito Autrey and Charles Krasic and
,Calton Pu and Jonathan Walpole"
,Title = "Fast Concurrent Dynamic Linking for an Adaptive Operating System"
,Booktitle = "International Conference on Configurable Distributed Systems
(ICCDS'96)"
,address = "Annapolis, MD"
,month="May"
,year="1996"
,pages="108"
,isbn="0-8186-7395-8"
,annotation={
	Uses a replugger, but with a counter to signal when people are
	using the resource at hand.  Allows multiple readers.
}
}

@techreport{Slingwine95
,author="John D. Slingwine and Paul E. McKenney"
,title="Apparatus and Method for Achieving Reduced Overhead Mutual
Exclusion and Maintaining Coherency in a Multiprocessor System
Utilizing Execution History and Thread Monitoring"
,institution="US Patent and Trademark Office"
,address="Washington, DC"
,year="1995"
,number="US Patent 5,442,758"
,month="August"
,annotation={
	Describes the parallel RCU infrastructure.  Includes NUMA aspect
	(structure of bitmap can reflect bus structure of computer system).
	.
	Another independent invention of an RCU-like mechanism, but the
	"real" RCU this time!
}
}

@techreport{Slingwine97
,author="John D. Slingwine and Paul E. McKenney"
,title="Method for Maintaining Data Coherency Using Thread Activity
Summaries in a Multicomputer System"
,institution="US Patent and Trademark Office"
,address="Washington, DC"
,year="1997"
,number="US Patent 5,608,893"
,month="March"
,pages="19"
,annotation={
	Describes use of RCU to synchronize data between a pair of
	SMP/NUMA computer systems.
}
}

@techreport{Slingwine98
,author="John D. Slingwine and Paul E. McKenney"
,title="Apparatus and Method for Achieving Reduced Overhead Mutual
Exclusion and Maintaining Coherency in a Multiprocessor System
Utilizing Execution History and Thread Monitoring"
,institution="US Patent and Trademark Office"
,address="Washington, DC"
,year="1998"
,number="US Patent 5,727,209"
,month="March"
,annotation={
	Describes doing an atomic update by copying the data item and
	then substituting it into the data structure.
}
}

@Conference{McKenney98
,Author="Paul E. McKenney and John D. Slingwine"
,Title="Read-Copy Update: Using Execution History to Solve Concurrency
Problems"
,Booktitle="{Parallel and Distributed Computing and Systems}"
,Month="October"
,Year="1998"
,pages="509-518"
,Address="Las Vegas, NV"
,annotation={
	Describes and analyzes RCU mechanism in DYNIX/ptx.  Describes
	application to linked list update and log-buffer flushing.
	Defines 'quiescent state'.  Includes both measured and analytic
	evaluation.
	http://www.rdrop.com/users/paulmck/RCU/rclockpdcsproof.pdf
	[Viewed December 3, 2007]
}
}

@Conference{Gamsa99
,Author="Ben Gamsa and Orran Krieger and Jonathan Appavoo and Michael Stumm"
,Title="Tornado: Maximizing Locality and Concurrency in a Shared Memory
Multiprocessor Operating System"
,Booktitle="{Proceedings of the 3\textsuperscript{rd} Symposium on
Operating System Design and Implementation}"
,Month="February"
,Year="1999"
,pages="87-100"
,Address="New Orleans, LA"
,annotation={
	Use of RCU-like facility in K42/Tornado.  Another independent
	invention of RCU.
	See especially pages 7-9 (Section 5).
	http://www.usenix.org/events/osdi99/full_papers/gamsa/gamsa.pdf
	[Viewed August 30, 2006]
}
}

@unpublished{RustyRussell2000a
,Author="Rusty Russell"
,Title="Re: modular net drivers"
,month="June"
,year="2000"
,day="23"
,note="Available:
\url{http://oss.sgi.com/projects/netdev/archive/2000-06/msg00250.html}
[Viewed April 10, 2006]"
,annotation={
	Proto-RCU proposal from Phil Rumpf and Rusty Russell.
	Yet another independent invention of RCU.
	Outline of algorithm to unload modules...
	.
	Appeared on net-dev mailing list.
}
}

@unpublished{RustyRussell2000b
,Author="Rusty Russell"
,Title="Re: modular net drivers"
,month="June"
,year="2000"
,day="24"
,note="Available:
\url{http://oss.sgi.com/projects/netdev/archive/2000-06/msg00254.html}
[Viewed April 10, 2006]"
,annotation={
	Proto-RCU proposal from Phil Rumpf and Rusty Russell.
	.
	Appeared on net-dev mailing list.
}
}

@unpublished{McKenney01b
,Author="Paul E. McKenney and Dipankar Sarma"
,Title="Read-Copy Update Mutual Exclusion in {Linux}"
,month="February"
,year="2001"
,note="Available:
\url{http://lse.sourceforge.net/locking/rcu/rcupdate_doc.html}
[Viewed October 18, 2004]"
,annotation={
	Prototypical Linux documentation for RCU.
}
}

@techreport{Slingwine01
,author="John D. Slingwine and Paul E. McKenney"
,title="Apparatus and Method for Achieving Reduced Overhead Mutual
Exclusion and Maintaining Coherency in a Multiprocessor System
Utilizing Execution History and Thread Monitoring"
,institution="US Patent and Trademark Office"
,address="Washington, DC"
,year="2001"
,number="US Patent 6,219,690"
,month="April"
,annotation={
	'Change in mode' aspect of RCU.  Can be thought of as a lazy barrier.
}
}

@Conference{McKenney01a
,Author="Paul E. McKenney and Jonathan Appavoo and Andi Kleen and
Orran Krieger and Rusty Russell and Dipankar Sarma and Maneesh Soni"
,Title="Read-Copy Update"
,Booktitle="{Ottawa Linux Symposium}"
,Month="July"
,Year="2001"
,note="Available:
\url{http://www.linuxsymposium.org/2001/abstracts/readcopy.php}
\url{http://www.rdrop.com/users/paulmck/RCU/rclock_OLS.2001.05.01c.pdf}
[Viewed June 23, 2004]"
,annotation={
	Described RCU, and presented some patches implementing and using
	it in the Linux kernel.
}
}

@unpublished{McKenney01f
,Author="Paul E. McKenney"
,Title="{RFC:} patch to allow lock-free traversal of lists with insertion"
,month="October"
,year="2001"
,note="Available:
\url{http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=100259266316456&w=2}
[Viewed June 23, 2004]"
,annotation={
	Memory-barrier and Alpha thread.  100 messages, not too bad...
}
}

@unpublished{Spraul01
,Author="Manfred Spraul"
,Title="Re: {RFC:} patch to allow lock-free traversal of lists with insertion"
,month="October"
,year="2001"
,note="Available:
\url{http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=100264675012867&w=2}
[Viewed June 23, 2004]"
,annotation={
	Suggested burying memory barriers in Linux's list-manipulation
	primitives.
}
}

@unpublished{LinusTorvalds2001a
,Author="Linus Torvalds"
,Title="{Re:} {[Lse-tech]} {Re:} {RFC:} patch to allow lock-free traversal of lists with insertion"
,month="October"
,year="2001"
,note="Available:
\url{https://lore.kernel.org/r/Pine.LNX.4.33.0110131015410.8707-100000@penguin.transmeta.com}
[Viewed August 21, 2004]"
,annotation={
}
}

@unpublished{Blanchard02a
,Author="Anton Blanchard"
,Title="some RCU dcache and ratcache results"
,month="March"
,year="2002"
,note="Available:
\url{http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=101637107412972&w=2}
[Viewed October 18, 2004]"
}

@conference{Michael02b
,author="Maged M. Michael"
,title="High Performance Dynamic Lock-Free Hash Tables and List-Based Sets"
,Year="2002"
,Month="August"
,booktitle="{Proceedings of the 14\textsuperscript{th} Annual ACM
Symposium on Parallel
Algorithms and Architecture}"
,pages="73-82"
,annotation={
Like the title says...
}
}

@Conference{Linder02a
,Author="Hanna Linder and Dipankar Sarma and Maneesh Soni"
,Title="Scalability of the Directory Entry Cache"
,Booktitle="{Ottawa Linux Symposium}"
,Month="June"
,Year="2002"
,pages="289-300"
,annotation={
	Measured scalability of Linux 2.4 kernel's directory-entry cache
	(dcache), and measured some scalability enhancements.
}
}

@Conference{McKenney02a
,Author="Paul E. McKenney and Dipankar Sarma and
Andrea Arcangeli and Andi Kleen and Orran Krieger and Rusty Russell"
,Title="Read-Copy Update"
,Booktitle="{Ottawa Linux Symposium}"
,Month="June"
,Year="2002"
,pages="338-367"
,note="Available:
\url{http://www.linux.org.uk/~ajh/ols2002_proceedings.pdf.gz}
[Viewed June 23, 2004]"
,annotation={
	Presented and compared a number of RCU implementations for the
	Linux kernel.
}
}

@unpublished{Sarma02a
,Author="Dipankar Sarma"
,Title="specweb99: dcache scalability results"
,month="July"
,year="2002"
,note="Available:
\url{http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=102645767914212&w=2}
[Viewed June 23, 2004]"
,annotation={
	Compare fastwalk and RCU for dcache.  RCU won.
}
}

@unpublished{Barbieri02
,Author="Luca Barbieri"
,Title="Re: {[PATCH]} Initial support for struct {vfs\_cred}"
,month="August"
,year="2002"
,note="Available:
\url{http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=103082050621241&w=2}
[Viewed: June 23, 2004]"
,annotation={
	Suggested RCU for vfs\_shared\_cred.
}
}

@conference{Michael02a
,author="Maged M. Michael"
,title="Safe Memory Reclamation for Dynamic Lock-Free Objects Using Atomic
Reads and Writes"
,Year="2002"
,Month="August"
,booktitle="{Proceedings of the 21\textsuperscript{st} Annual ACM
Symposium on Principles of Distributed Computing}"
,pages="21-30"
,annotation={
	Each thread keeps an array of pointers to items that it is
	currently referencing.	Sort of an inside-out garbage collection
	mechanism, but one that requires the accessing code to explicitly
	state its needs.  Also requires read-side memory barriers on
	most architectures.
}
}

@unpublished{Dickins02a
,author="Hugh Dickins"
,title="Use RCU for System-V IPC"
,year="2002"
,month="October"
,note="private communication"
}

@InProceedings{HerlihyLM02
,author={Maurice Herlihy and Victor Luchangco and Mark Moir}
,title="The Repeat Offender Problem: A Mechanism for Supporting Dynamic-Sized,
Lock-Free Data Structures"
,booktitle={Proceedings of 16\textsuperscript{th} International
Symposium on Distributed Computing}
,year=2002
,month="October"
,pages="339-353"
}

@unpublished{Sarma02b
,Author="Dipankar Sarma"
,Title="Some dcache\_rcu benchmark numbers"
,month="October"
,year="2002"
,note="Available:
\url{http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=103462075416638&w=2}
[Viewed June 23, 2004]"
,annotation={
	Performance of dcache RCU on kernbench for 16x NUMA-Q and 1x,
	2x, and 4x systems.  RCU does no harm, and helps on 16x.
}
}

@unpublished{MingmingCao2002IPCRCU
,Author="Mingming Cao"
,Title="[PATCH]updated ipc lock patch"
,month="October"
,year="2002"
,note="Available:
\url{https://lore.kernel.org/r/3DB86B05.447E7410@us.ibm.com}
[Viewed February 15, 2014]"
,annotation={
	Mingming Cao's patch to introduce RCU to SysV IPC.
}
}

@unpublished{LinusTorvalds2003a
,Author="Linus Torvalds"
,Title="Re: {[PATCH]} small fixes in brlock.h"
,month="March"
,year="2003"
,note="Available:
\url{https://lore.kernel.org/r/Pine.LNX.4.44.0303091831560.2129-100000@home.transmeta.com}
[Viewed March 13, 2006]"
,annotation={
	Linus suggests replacing brlock with RCU and/or seqlocks:
	.
	'It's entirely possible that the current user could be replaced
	by RCU and/or seqlocks, and we could get rid of brlocks entirely.'
	.
	Stephen Hemminger responds by replacing them with RCU.
}
}

@article{Appavoo03a
,author="J. Appavoo and K. Hui and C. A. N. Soules and R. W. Wisniewski and
D. M. {Da Silva} and O. Krieger and M. A. Auslander and D. J. Edelsohn and
B. Gamsa and G. R. Ganger and P. McKenney and M. Ostrowski and
B. Rosenburg and M. Stumm and J. Xenidis"
,title="Enabling Autonomic Behavior in Systems Software With Hot Swapping"
,Year="2003"
,Month="January"
,journal="IBM Systems Journal"
,volume="42"
,number="1"
,pages="60-76"
,annotation={
	Use of RCU to enable hot-swapping for autonomic behavior in K42.
}
}

@unpublished{Seigh03
,author="Joseph W. {Seigh II}"
,title="Read Copy Update"
,Year="2003"
,Month="March"
,note="email correspondence"
,annotation={
	Described the relationship of the VM/XA passive serialization to RCU.
}
}

@Conference{Arcangeli03
,Author="Andrea Arcangeli and Mingming Cao and Paul E. McKenney and
Dipankar Sarma"
,Title="Using Read-Copy Update Techniques for {System V IPC} in the
{Linux} 2.5 Kernel"
,Booktitle="Proceedings of the 2003 USENIX Annual Technical Conference
(FREENIX Track)"
,Publisher="USENIX Association"
,year="2003"
,month="June"
,pages="297-310"
,annotation={
	Compared updated RCU implementations for the Linux kernel, and
	described System V IPC use of RCU, including order-of-magnitude
	performance improvements.
	http://www.rdrop.com/users/paulmck/RCU/rcu.FREENIX.2003.06.14.pdf
}
}

@Conference{Soules03a
,Author="Craig A. N. Soules and Jonathan Appavoo and Kevin Hui and
Dilma {Da Silva} and Gregory R. Ganger and Orran Krieger and
Michael Stumm and Robert W. Wisniewski and Marc Auslander and
Michal Ostrowski and Bryan Rosenburg and Jimi Xenidis"
,Title="System Support for Online Reconfiguration"
,Booktitle="Proceedings of the 2003 USENIX Annual Technical Conference"
,Publisher="USENIX Association"
,year="2003"
,month="June"
,pages="141-154"
}

@article{McKenney03a
,author="Paul E. McKenney"
,title="Using {RCU} in the {Linux} 2.5 Kernel"
,Year="2003"
,Month="October"
,journal="Linux Journal"
,volume="1"
,number="114"
,pages="18-26"
,note="Available:
\url{http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/6993}
[Viewed November 14, 2007]"
,annotation={
	Reader-friendly intro to RCU, with the infamous old-man-and-brat
	cartoon.
}
}

@unpublished{Sarma03a
,Author="Dipankar Sarma"
,Title="RCU low latency patches"
,month="December"
,year="2003"
,note="Message ID: 20031222180114.GA2248@in.ibm.com"
,annotation={
	dipankar/ct.2004.03.27/RCUll.2003.12.22.patch
}
}

@techreport{Friedberg03a
,author="Stuart A. Friedberg"
,title="Lock-Free Wild Card Search Data Structure and Method"
,institution="US Patent and Trademark Office"
,address="Washington, DC"
,year="2003"
,number="US Patent 6,662,184"
,month="December"
,pages="112"
,annotation={
	Applies RCU to a wildcard-search Patricia tree in order to permit
	synchronization-free lookup.  RCU is used to retain removed nodes
	for a grace period before freeing them.
}
}

@article{McKenney04a
,author="Paul E. McKenney and Dipankar Sarma and Maneesh Soni"
,title="Scaling dcache with {RCU}"
,Year="2004"
,Month="January"
,journal="Linux Journal"
,volume="1"
,number="118"
,pages="38-46"
,annotation={
	Reader friendly intro to dcache and RCU.
	http://www.linuxjournal.com/node/7124
	[Viewed December 26, 2010]
}
}

@Conference{McKenney04b
,Author="Paul E. McKenney"
,Title="{RCU} vs. Locking Performance on Different {CPUs}"
,Booktitle="{linux.conf.au}"
,Month="January"
,Year="2004"
,Address="Adelaide, Australia"
,note="Available:
\url{http://www.linux.org.au/conf/2004/abstracts.html#90}
\url{http://www.rdrop.com/users/paulmck/RCU/lockperf.2004.01.17a.pdf}
[Viewed June 23, 2004]"
,annotation={
	Compares performance of RCU to that of other locking primitives
	over a number of CPUs (x86, Opteron, Itanium, and PPC).
}
}

@unpublished{Sarma04a
,Author="Dipankar Sarma"
,Title="{[PATCH]} {RCU} for low latency (experimental)"
,month="March"
,year="2004"
,note="\url{http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=108003746402892&w=2}"
,annotation={
	Head of thread: dipankar/2004.03.23/rcu-low-lat.1.patch
}
}

@unpublished{Sarma04b
,Author="Dipankar Sarma"
,Title="Re: {[PATCH]} {RCU} for low latency (experimental)"
,month="March"
,year="2004"
,note="\url{http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=108016474829546&w=2}"
,annotation={
	dipankar/rcuth.2004.03.24/rcu-throttle.patch
}
}

@unpublished{Spraul04a
,Author="Manfred Spraul"
,Title="[RFC] 0/5 rcu lock update"
,month="May"
,year="2004"
,note="Available:
\url{http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=108546407726602&w=2}
[Viewed June 23, 2004]"
,annotation={
	Hierarchical-bitmap patch for RCU infrastructure.
}
}

@unpublished{Steiner04a
,Author="Jack Steiner"
,Title="Re: [Lse-tech] [RFC, PATCH] 1/5 rcu lock update:
Add per-cpu batch counter"
,month="May"
,year="2004"
,note="Available:
\url{http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=108551764515332&w=2}
[Viewed June 23, 2004]"
,annotation={
	RCU runs reasonably on a 512-CPU SGI using Manfred Spraul's patches,
	which may be found at:
	https://lore.kernel.org/r/40AC9823.6020709@colorfullife.com (split vars into cachelines)
	https://lore.kernel.org/r/Pine.LNX.4.44.0405222141260.11106-100000@dbl.q-ag.de (cpu_quiet() patch)
	https://lore.kernel.org/r/200405250535.i4P5ZJo8017583@dbl.q-ag.de (0/5)
	https://lore.kernel.org/r/200405250535.i4P5ZKAQ017591@dbl.q-ag.de (1/5)
		https://lore.kernel.org/r/20040525203215.GB5127@sgi.com (works for Jack)
	https://lore.kernel.org/r/200405250535.i4P5ZLiR017599@dbl.q-ag.de (2/5)
	https://lore.kernel.org/r/200405250535.i4P5ZMFt017607@dbl.q-ag.de (3/5)
	https://lore.kernel.org/r/200405250535.i4P5ZN6g017615@dbl.q-ag.de (4/5)
	https://lore.kernel.org/r/200405250535.i4P5ZO7I017623@dbl.q-ag.de (5/5)
}
}

@Conference{Sarma04c
,Author="Dipankar Sarma and Paul E. McKenney"
,Title="Making {RCU} Safe for Deep Sub-Millisecond Response
Realtime Applications"
,Booktitle="Proceedings of the 2004 USENIX Annual Technical Conference
(FREENIX Track)"
,Publisher="USENIX Association"
,year="2004"
,month="June"
,pages="182-191"
,annotation={
	Describes and compares a number of modifications to the Linux RCU
	implementation that make it friendly to realtime applications.
	https://www.usenix.org/conference/2004-usenix-annual-technical-conference/making-rcu-safe-deep-sub-millisecond-response
	[Viewed July 26, 2012]
}
}

@article{MagedMichael04a
,author="Maged M. Michael"
,title="Hazard Pointers: Safe Memory Reclamation for Lock-Free Objects"
,Year="2004"
,Month="June"
,journal="IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems"
,volume="15"
,number="6"
,pages="491-504"
,url="Available:
\url{http://www.research.ibm.com/people/m/michael/ieeetpds-2004.pdf}
[Viewed March 1, 2005]"
,annotation={
	New canonical hazard-pointer citation.
}
}

@phdthesis{PaulEdwardMcKenneyPhD
,author="Paul E. McKenney"
,title="Exploiting Deferred Destruction:
An Analysis of Read-Copy-Update Techniques
in Operating System Kernels"
,school="OGI School of Science and Engineering at
Oregon Health and Sciences University"
,year="2004"
,annotation={
	Describes RCU implementations and presents design patterns
	corresponding to common uses of RCU in several operating-system
	kernels.
	http://www.rdrop.com/users/paulmck/RCU/RCUdissertation.2004.07.14e1.pdf
	[Viewed October 15, 2004]
}
}

@unpublished{PaulEMcKenney2004rcu:dereference
,Author="Dipankar Sarma"
,Title="{Re: RCU : Abstracted RCU dereferencing [5/5]}"
,month="August"
,year="2004"
,note="Available:
\url{https://lore.kernel.org/r/20040807192424.GF3936@in.ibm.com}
[Viewed June 8, 2010]"
,annotation={
	Introduce rcu_dereference().
}
}

@unpublished{JimHouston04a
,Author="Jim Houston"
,Title="{[RFC\&PATCH] Alternative {RCU} implementation}"
,month="August"
,year="2004"
,note="Available:
\url{https://lore.kernel.org/r/1093873222.984.12.camel@new.localdomain}
[Viewed February 17, 2005]"
,annotation={
	Uses active code in rcu_read_lock() and rcu_read_unlock() to
	make RCU happen, allowing RCU to function on CPUs that do not
	receive a scheduling-clock interrupt.
}
}

@unpublished{TomHart04a
,Author="Thomas E. Hart"
,Title="Master's Thesis: Applying Lock-free Techniques to the {Linux} Kernel"
,month="October"
,year="2004"
,note="Available:
\url{http://www.cs.toronto.edu/~tomhart/masters_thesis.html}
[Viewed October 15, 2004]"
,annotation={
	Proposes comparing RCU to lock-free methods for the Linux kernel.
}
}

@unpublished{Vaddagiri04a
,Author="Srivatsa Vaddagiri"
,Title="Subject: [RFC] Use RCU for tcp\_ehash lookup"
,month="October"
,year="2004"
,note="Available:
\url{http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?t=109395731700004&r=1&w=2}
[Viewed October 18, 2004]"
,annotation={
	Srivatsa's RCU patch for tcp_ehash lookup.
}
}

@unpublished{Thirumalai04a
,Author="Ravikiran Thirumalai"
,Title="Subject: [patchset] Lockfree fd lookup 0 of 5"
,month="October"
,year="2004"
,note="Available:
\url{http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?t=109144217400003&r=1&w=2}
[Viewed October 18, 2004]"
,annotation={
	Ravikiran's lockfree FD patch.
}
}

@unpublished{Thirumalai04b
,Author="Ravikiran Thirumalai"
,Title="Subject: Re: [patchset] Lockfree fd lookup 0 of 5"
,month="October"
,year="2004"
,note="Available:
\url{http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=109152521410459&w=2}
[Viewed October 18, 2004]"
,annotation={
	Ravikiran's lockfree FD patch.
}
}

@unpublished{PaulEMcKenney2004rcu:assign:pointer
,Author="Paul E. McKenney"
,Title="{[PATCH 1/3] RCU: \url{rcu_assign_pointer()} removal of memory barriers}"
,month="October"
,year="2004"
,note="Available:
\url{https://lore.kernel.org/r/20041023202723.GA1930@us.ibm.com}
[Viewed June 8, 2010]"
,annotation={
	Introduce rcu_assign_pointer().
}
}

@unpublished{JamesMorris04a
,Author="James Morris"
,Title="{[PATCH 2/3] SELinux} scalability - convert {AVC} to {RCU}"
,day="15"
,month="November"
,year="2004"
,note="\url{http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=110054979416004&w=2}"
,annotation={
	James Morris posts Kaigai Kohei's patch to LKML.
	[Viewed December 10, 2004]
	Kaigai's patch is at https://lore.kernel.org/r/200409271057.i8RAvcA1007873@mailsv.bs1.fc.nec.co.jp
}
}

@unpublished{JamesMorris04b
,Author="James Morris"
,Title="Recent Developments in {SELinux} Kernel Performance"
,month="December"
,year="2004"
,note="Available:
\url{http://www.livejournal.com/users/james_morris/2153.html}
[Viewed December 10, 2004]"
,annotation={
	RCU helps SELinux performance.  ;-)  Made LWN.
}
}

@unpublished{PaulMcKenney2005RCUSemantics
,Author="Paul E. McKenney and Jonathan Walpole"
,Title="{RCU} Semantics: A First Attempt"
,month="January"
,year="2005"
,day="30"
,note="Available:
\url{http://www.rdrop.com/users/paulmck/RCU/rcu-semantics.2005.01.30a.pdf}
[Viewed December 6, 2009]"
,annotation={
	Early derivation of RCU semantics.
}
}

@unpublished{PaulMcKenney2005e
,Author="Paul E. McKenney"
,Title="Real-Time Preemption and {RCU}"
,month="March"
,year="2005"
,day="17"
,note="Available:
\url{https://lore.kernel.org/r/20050318002026.GA2693@us.ibm.com}
[Viewed September 5, 2005]"
,annotation={
	First posting showing how RCU can be safely adapted for
	preemptible RCU read side critical sections.
}
}

@unpublished{EsbenNeilsen2005a
,Author="Esben Neilsen"
,Title="Re: Real-Time Preemption and {RCU}"
,month="March"
,year="2005"
,day="18"
,note="Available:
\url{https://lore.kernel.org/r/Pine.OSF.4.05.10503181336310.2466-100000@da410.phys.au.dk}
[Viewed March 30, 2006]"
,annotation={
	Esben Neilsen suggests read-side suppression of grace-period
	processing for crude-but-workable realtime RCU.  The downside
	is indefinite grace periods...  But this is OK for experimentation
	and testing.
}
}

@unpublished{TomHart05a
,Author="Thomas E. Hart and Paul E. McKenney and Angela Demke Brown"
,Title="Efficient Memory Reclamation is Necessary for Fast Lock-Free
Data Structures"
,month="March"
,year="2005"
,note="Available:
\url{ftp://ftp.cs.toronto.edu/csrg-technical-reports/515/}
[Viewed March 4, 2005]"
,annotation={
	Comparison of RCU, QBSR, and EBSR.  RCU wins for read-mostly
	workloads.  ;-)
}
}

@unpublished{JonCorbet2005DeprecateSyncKernel
,Author="Jonathan Corbet"
,Title="API change: synchronize_kernel() deprecated"
,month="May"
,day="3"
,year="2005"
,note="Available:
\url{http://lwn.net/Articles/134484/}
[Viewed May 3, 2005]"
,annotation={
	Jon Corbet describes deprecation of synchronize_kernel()
	in favor of synchronize_rcu() and synchronize_sched().
}
}

@unpublished{PaulMcKenney05a
,Author="Paul E. McKenney"
,Title="{[RFC]} {RCU} and {CONFIG\_PREEMPT\_RT} progress"
,month="May"
,year="2005"
,note="Available:
\url{https://lore.kernel.org/r/20050510012444.GA3011@us.ibm.com}
[Viewed May 13, 2005]"
,annotation={
	First publication of working lock-based deferred free patches
	for the CONFIG_PREEMPT_RT environment.
}
}

@conference{PaulMcKenney05b
,Author="Paul E. McKenney and Dipankar Sarma"
,Title="Towards Hard Realtime Response from the {Linux} Kernel on {SMP} Hardware"
,Booktitle="linux.conf.au 2005"
,month="April"
,year="2005"
,address="Canberra, Australia"
,note="Available:
\url{http://www.rdrop.com/users/paulmck/RCU/realtimeRCU.2005.04.23a.pdf}
[Viewed May 13, 2005]"
,annotation={
	Realtime turns into making RCU yet more realtime friendly.
	http://lca2005.linux.org.au/Papers/Paul%20McKenney/Towards%20Hard%20Realtime%20Response%20from%20the%20Linux%20Kernel/LKS.2005.04.22a.pdf
}
}

@unpublished{PaulEMcKenneyHomePage
,Author="Paul E. McKenney"
,Title="{Paul} {E.} {McKenney}"
,month="May"
,year="2005"
,note="Available:
\url{http://www.rdrop.com/users/paulmck/}
[Viewed May 25, 2005]"
,annotation={
	Paul McKenney's home page.
}
}

@unpublished{PaulEMcKenneyRCUPage
,Author="Paul E. McKenney"
,Title="Read-Copy Update {(RCU)}"
,month="May"
,year="2005"
,note="Available:
\url{http://www.rdrop.com/users/paulmck/RCU}
[Viewed May 25, 2005]"
,annotation={
	Paul McKenney's RCU page.
}
}

@unpublished{JosephSeigh2005a
,Author="Joseph Seigh"
,Title="{RCU}+{SMR} (hazard pointers)"
,month="July"
,year="2005"
,note="Personal communication"
,annotation={
	Joe Seigh announcing his atomic-ptr-plus project.
	http://sourceforge.net/projects/atomic-ptr-plus/
}
}

@unpublished{JosephSeigh2005b
,Author="Joseph Seigh"
,Title="Lock-free synchronization primitives"
,month="July"
,day="6"
,year="2005"
,note="Available:
\url{http://sourceforge.net/projects/atomic-ptr-plus/}
[Viewed August 8, 2005]"
,annotation={
	Joe Seigh's atomic-ptr-plus project.
}
}

@unpublished{PaulMcKenney2005c
,Author="Paul E.McKenney"
,Title="{[RFC,PATCH] RCU} and {CONFIG\_PREEMPT\_RT} sane patch"
,month="August"
,day="1"
,year="2005"
,note="Available:
\url{https://lore.kernel.org/r/20050801171137.GA1754@us.ibm.com}
[Viewed March 14, 2006]"
,annotation={
	First operating counter-based realtime RCU patch posted to LKML.
}
}

@unpublished{PaulMcKenney2005d
,Author="Paul E. McKenney"
,Title="Re: [Fwd: Re: [patch] Real-Time Preemption, -RT-2.6.13-rc4-V0.7.52-01]"
,month="August"
,day="8"
,year="2005"
,note="Available:
\url{https://lore.kernel.org/r/20050808144216.GA1307@us.ibm.com}
[Viewed March 14, 2006]"
,annotation={
	First operating counter-based realtime RCU patch posted to LKML,
	but fixed so that various unusual combinations of configuration
	parameters all function properly.
}
}

@unpublished{PaulMcKenney2005rcutorture
,Author="Paul E. McKenney"
,Title="{[PATCH]} {RCU} torture testing"
,month="October"
,day="1"
,year="2005"
,note="Available:
\url{https://lore.kernel.org/r/20051001182056.GA1613@us.ibm.com}
[Viewed March 14, 2006]"
,annotation={
	First rcutorture patch.
}
}

@unpublished{DavidSMiller2006HashedLocking
,Author="David S. Miller"
,Title="Re: [{PATCH}, {RFC}] {RCU} : {OOM} avoidance and lower latency"
,month="January"
,day="6"
,year="2006"
,note="Available:
\url{https://lore.kernel.org/r/20060106.231054.43576567.davem@davemloft.net}
[Viewed February 29, 2012]"
,annotation={
	David Miller's view on hashed arrays of locks: used to really
	like it, but time he saw an opportunity for this technique,
	something else always proved superior.  Partitioning or RCU.  ;-)
}
}

@conference{ThomasEHart2006a
,Author="Thomas E. Hart and Paul E. McKenney and Angela Demke Brown"
,Title="Making Lockless Synchronization Fast: Performance Implications
of Memory Reclamation"
,Booktitle="20\textsuperscript{th} {IEEE} International Parallel and
Distributed Processing Symposium"
,month="April"
,year="2006"
,day="25-29"
,address="Rhodes, Greece"
,note="Available:
\url{http://www.rdrop.com/users/paulmck/RCU/hart_ipdps06.pdf}
[Viewed April 28, 2008]"
,annotation={
	Compares QSBR, HPBR, EBR, and lock-free reference counting.
	http://www.cs.toronto.edu/~tomhart/perflab/ipdps06.tgz
}
}

@unpublished{NickPiggin2006radixtree
,Author="Nick Piggin"
,Title="[patch 3/3] radix-tree: {RCU} lockless readside"
,month="June"
,day="20"
,year="2006"
,note="Available:
\url{https://lore.kernel.org/r/20060408134707.22479.33814.sendpatchset@linux.site}
[Viewed March 25, 2008]"
,annotation={
	RCU-protected radix tree.
}
}

@Conference{PaulEMcKenney2006b
,Author="Paul E. McKenney and Dipankar Sarma and Ingo Molnar and
Suparna Bhattacharya"
,Title="Extending {RCU} for Realtime and Embedded Workloads"
,Booktitle="{Ottawa Linux Symposium}"
,Month="July"
,Year="2006"
,pages="v2 123-138"
,note="Available:
\url{http://www.linuxsymposium.org/2006/view_abstract.php?content_key=184}
\url{http://www.rdrop.com/users/paulmck/RCU/OLSrtRCU.2006.08.11a.pdf}
[Viewed January 1, 2007]"
,annotation={
	Described how to improve the -rt implementation of realtime RCU.
}
}

@unpublished{WikipediaRCU
,Author="Paul E. McKenney and Chris Purcell and Algae and Ben Schumin and
Gaius Cornelius and Qwertyus and Neil Conway and Sbw and Blainster and
Canis Rufus and Zoicon5 and Anome and Hal Eisen"
,Title="Read-Copy Update"
,month="July"
,day="8"
,year="2006"
,note="\url{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Read-copy-update}"
,annotation={
	Wikipedia RCU page as of July 8 2006.
	[Viewed August 21, 2006]
}
}

@Conference{NickPiggin2006LocklessPageCache
,Author="Nick Piggin"
,Title="A Lockless Pagecache in Linux---Introduction, Progress, Performance"
,Booktitle="{Ottawa Linux Symposium}"
,Month="July"
,Year="2006"
,pages="v2 249-254"
,note="Available:
\url{http://www.linuxsymposium.org/2006/view_abstract.php?content_key=184}
[Viewed January 11, 2009]"
,annotation={
	Uses RCU-protected radix tree for a lockless page cache.
}
}

@unpublished{PaulEMcKenney2006c
,Author="Paul E. McKenney"
,Title="Sleepable {RCU}"
,month="October"
,day="9"
,year="2006"
,note="Available:
\url{http://lwn.net/Articles/202847/}
Revised:
\url{http://www.rdrop.com/users/paulmck/RCU/srcu.2007.01.14a.pdf}
[Viewed August 21, 2006]"
,annotation={
	LWN article introducing SRCU.
}
}

@unpublished{RobertOlsson2006a
,Author="Robert Olsson and Stefan Nilsson"
,Title="{TRASH}: A dynamic {LC}-trie and hash data structure"
,month="August"
,day="18"
,year="2006"
,note="\url{http://www.nada.kth.se/~snilsson/publications/TRASH/trash.pdf}"
,annotation={
	RCU-protected dynamic trie-hash combination.
	[Viewed March 4, 2011]
}
}

@unpublished{ChristophHellwig2006RCU2SRCU
,Author="Christoph Hellwig"
,Title="Re: {[-mm PATCH 1/4]} {RCU}: split classic rcu"
,month="September"
,day="28"
,year="2006"
,note="Available:
\url{https://lore.kernel.org/r/20060928142616.GA20185@infradead.org}
[Viewed March 27, 2008]"
}

@unpublished{PaulEMcKenneyRCUusagePage
,Author="Paul E. McKenney"
,Title="{RCU} {Linux} Usage"
,month="October"
,year="2006"
,note="Available:
\url{http://www.rdrop.com/users/paulmck/RCU/linuxusage.html}
[Viewed January 14, 2007]"
,annotation={
	Paul McKenney's RCU page showing graphs plotting Linux-kernel
	usage of RCU.
}
}

@unpublished{PaulEMcKenneyRCUusageRawDataPage
,Author="Paul E. McKenney"
,Title="Read-Copy Update {(RCU)} Usage in {Linux} Kernel"
,month="October"
,year="2006"
,note="Available:
\url{http://www.rdrop.com/users/paulmck/RCU/linuxusage/rculocktab.html}
[Viewed January 14, 2007]"
,annotation={
	Paul McKenney's RCU page showing Linux usage of RCU in tabular
	form, with links to corresponding cscope databases.
}
}

@unpublished{GauthamShenoy2006RCUrwlock
,Author="Gautham R. Shenoy"
,Title="[PATCH 4/5] lock\_cpu\_hotplug: Redesign - Lightweight implementation of lock\_cpu\_hotplug"
,month="October"
,year="2006"
,day=26
,note="Available:
\url{https://lore.kernel.org/r/20061026105731.GE11803@in.ibm.com}
[Viewed January 26, 2009]"
,annotation={
	RCU-based reader-writer lock that allows readers to proceed with
	no memory barriers or atomic instruction in absence of writers.
	If writer do show up, readers must of course wait as required by
	the semantics of reader-writer locking.  This is a recursive
	lock.
}
}

@unpublished{JensAxboe2006SlowSRCU
,Author="Jens Axboe"
,Title="Re: [patch] cpufreq: mark \url{cpufreq_tsc()} as
\url{core_initcall_sync}"
,month="November"
,year="2006"
,day=17
,note="Available:
\url{https://lore.kernel.org/r/20061117092925.GT7164@kernel.dk}
[Viewed May 28, 2007]"
,annotation={
	SRCU's grace periods are too slow for Jens, even after a
	factor-of-three speedup.
	Sped-up version of SRCU at https://lore.kernel.org/r/20061118002845.GF2632@us.ibm.com.
}
}

@unpublished{OlegNesterov2006QRCU
,Author="Oleg Nesterov"
,Title="Re: [patch] cpufreq: mark {\tt cpufreq\_tsc()} as
{\tt core\_initcall\_sync}"
,month="November"
,year="2006"
,day=19
,note="Available:
\url{https://lore.kernel.org/r/20061119190027.GA3676@oleg}
[Viewed May 28, 2007]"
,annotation={
	First cut of QRCU.  Expanded/corrected versions followed.
	Used to be OlegNesterov2007QRCU, now time-corrected.
}
}

@unpublished{OlegNesterov2006aQRCU
,Author="Oleg Nesterov"
,Title="Re: [RFC, PATCH 1/2] qrcu: {"quick"} srcu implementation"
,month="November"
,year="2006"
,day=30
,note="Available:
\url{https://lore.kernel.org/r/20061130015714.GC1350@oleg}
[Viewed November 26, 2008]"
,annotation={
	Expanded/corrected version of QRCU.
	Used to be OlegNesterov2007aQRCU, now time-corrected.
}
}

@unpublished{EvgeniyPolyakov2006RCUslowdown
,Author="Evgeniy Polyakov"
,Title="Badness in postponing work"
,month="December"
,year="2006"
,day=05
,note="Available:
\url{http://www.ioremap.net/node/41}
[Viewed October 28, 2008]"
,annotation={
	Using RCU as a pure delay leads to a 2.5x slowdown in skbs in
	the Linux kernel.
}
}

@inproceedings{ChrisMatthews2006ClusteredObjectsRCU
,author = {Matthews, Chris and Coady, Yvonne and Appavoo, Jonathan}
,title = {Portability events: a programming model for scalable system infrastructures}
,booktitle = {PLOS '06: Proceedings of the 3rd workshop on Programming languages and operating systems}
,year = {2006}
,isbn = {1-59593-577-0}
,pages = {11}
,location = {San Jose, California}
,doi = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1215995.1216006}
,publisher = {ACM}
,address = {New York, NY, USA}
,annotation={
	Uses K42's RCU-like functionality to manage clustered-object
	lifetimes.
}
}

@article{DilmaDaSilva2006K42
,author = {Silva, Dilma Da and Krieger, Orran and Wisniewski, Robert W. and Waterland, Amos and Tam, David and Baumann, Andrew}
,title = {K42: an infrastructure for operating system research}
,journal = {SIGOPS Oper. Syst. Rev.}
,volume = {40}
,number = {2}
,year = {2006}
,issn = {0163-5980}
,pages = {34--42}
,doi = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1131322.1131333}
,publisher = {ACM}
,address = {New York, NY, USA}
,annotation={
	Describes relationship of K42 generations to RCU.
}
}

# CoreyMinyard2007list_splice_rcu
@unpublished{CoreyMinyard2007list:splice:rcu
,Author="Corey Minyard and Paul E. McKenney"
,Title="{[PATCH]} add an {RCU} version of list splicing"
,month="January"
,year="2007"
,day=3
,note="Available:
\url{https://lore.kernel.org/r/20070103152738.GA16063@localdomain}
[Viewed May 28, 2007]"
,annotation={
	Patch for list_splice_rcu().
}
}

@unpublished{PaulEMcKenney2007rcubarrier
,Author="Paul E. McKenney"
,Title="{RCU} and Unloadable Modules"
,month="January"
,day="14"
,year="2007"
,note="Available:
\url{http://lwn.net/Articles/217484/}
[Viewed November 22, 2007]"
,annotation={
	LWN article introducing the rcu_barrier() primitive.
}
}

@unpublished{PeterZijlstra2007SyncBarrier
,Author="Peter Zijlstra and Ingo Molnar"
,Title="{[PATCH 3/7]} barrier: a scalable synchonisation barrier"
,month="January"
,year="2007"
,day=28
,note="Available:
\url{https://lore.kernel.org/r/20070128120509.719287000@programming.kicks-ass.net}
[Viewed March 27, 2008]"
,annotation={
	RCU-like implementation for frequent updaters and rare readers(!).
	Subsumed into QRCU.  Maybe...
}
}

@unpublished{PaulEMcKenney2007BoostRCU
,Author="Paul E. McKenney"
,Title="Priority-Boosting {RCU} Read-Side Critical Sections"
,month="February"
,day="5"
,year="2007"
,note="\url{http://lwn.net/Articles/220677/}"
,annotation={
	LWN article introducing RCU priority boosting.
	Revised:
	http://www.rdrop.com/users/paulmck/RCU/RCUbooststate.2007.04.16a.pdf
	[Viewed September 7, 2007]
}
}

@unpublished{PaulMcKenney2007QRCUpatch
,Author="Paul E. McKenney"
,Title="{[PATCH]} {QRCU} with lockless fastpath"
,month="February"
,year="2007"
,day=24
,note="Available:
\url{https://lore.kernel.org/r/20070225062349.GA17468@linux.vnet.ibm.com}
[Viewed March 27, 2008]"
,annotation={
	Patch for QRCU supplying lock-free fast path.
}
}

@article{JonathanAppavoo2007K42RCU
,author = {Appavoo, Jonathan and Silva, Dilma Da and Krieger, Orran and Auslander, Marc and Ostrowski, Michal and Rosenburg, Bryan and Waterland, Amos and Wisniewski, Robert W. and Xenidis, Jimi and Stumm, Michael and Soares, Livio}
,title = {Experience distributing objects in an SMMP OS}
,journal = {ACM Trans. Comput. Syst.}
,volume = {25}
,number = {3}
,year = {2007}
,issn = {0734-2071}
,pages = {6/1--6/52}
,doi = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1275517.1275518}
,publisher = {ACM}
,address = {New York, NY, USA}
,annotation={
	Role of RCU in K42.
}
}

@conference{RobertOlsson2007Trash
,Author="Robert Olsson and Stefan Nilsson"
,Title="{TRASH}: A dynamic {LC}-trie and hash data structure"
,booktitle="Workshop on High Performance Switching and Routing (HPSR'07)"
,month="May"
,year="2007"
,note="Available:
\url{http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/freeabs_all.jsp?arnumber=4281239}
[Viewed October 1, 2010]"
,annotation={
	RCU-protected dynamic trie-hash combination.
}
}

@conference{PeterZijlstra2007ConcurrentPagecacheRCU
,Author="Peter Zijlstra"
,Title="Concurrent Pagecache"
,Booktitle="Linux Symposium"
,month="June"
,year="2007"
,address="Ottawa, Canada"
,note="Available:
\url{http://ols.108.redhat.com/2007/Reprints/zijlstra-Reprint.pdf}
[Viewed April 14, 2008]"
,annotation={
	Page-cache modifications permitting RCU readers and concurrent
	updates.
}
}

@unpublished{PaulEMcKenney2007whatisRCU
,Author="Paul E. McKenney"
,Title="What is {RCU}?"
,year="2007"
,month="07"
,note="Available:
\url{http://www.rdrop.com/users/paulmck/RCU/whatisRCU.html}
[Viewed July 6, 2007]"
,annotation={
	Describes RCU in Linux kernel.
}
}

@unpublished{PaulEMcKenney2007QRCUspin
,Author="Paul E. McKenney"
,Title="Using {Promela} and {Spin} to verify parallel algorithms"
,month="August"
,day="1"
,year="2007"
,note="Available:
\url{http://lwn.net/Articles/243851/}
[Viewed September 8, 2007]"
,annotation={
	LWN article describing Promela and spin, and also using Oleg
	Nesterov's QRCU as an example (with Paul McKenney's fastpath).
	Merged patch at: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20070225062349.GA17468@linux.vnet.ibm.com
}
}

@unpublished{PaulEMcKenney2007WG21DDOatomics
,Author="Paul E. McKenney and Hans-J. Boehm and Lawrence Crowl"
,Title="C++ Data-Dependency Ordering: Atomics and Memory Model"
,month="August"
,day="3"
,year="2007"
,note="Available:
\url{http://open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2008/n2664.htm}
[Viewed December 7, 2009]"
,annotation={
	RCU for C++, parts 1 and 2.
}
}

@unpublished{PaulEMcKenney2007WG21DDOannotation
,Author="Paul E. McKenney and Lawrence Crowl"
,Title="C++ Data-Dependency Ordering: Function Annotation"
,month="September"
,day="18"
,year="2008"
,note="Available:
\url{http://open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2008/n2782.htm}
[Viewed December 7, 2009]"
,annotation={
	RCU for C++, part 2, updated many times.
}
}

@unpublished{PaulEMcKenney2007PreemptibleRCUPatch
,Author="Paul E. McKenney"
,Title="[PATCH RFC 0/9] {RCU}: Preemptible {RCU}"
,month="September"
,day="10"
,year="2007"
,note="Available:
\url{https://lore.kernel.org/r/20070910183004.GA3299@linux.vnet.ibm.com}
[Viewed October 25, 2007]"
,annotation={
	Final patch for preemptible RCU to -rt.  (Later patches were
	to mainline, eventually incorporated.)
}
}

@unpublished{PaulEMcKenney2007PreemptibleRCU
,Author="Paul E. McKenney"
,Title="The design of preemptible read-copy-update"
,month="October"
,day="8"
,year="2007"
,note="Available:
\url{http://lwn.net/Articles/253651/}
[Viewed October 25, 2007]"
,annotation={
	LWN article describing the design of preemptible RCU.
}
}

@article{ThomasEHart2007a
,Author="Thomas E. Hart and Paul E. McKenney and Angela Demke Brown and Jonathan Walpole"
,Title="Performance of memory reclamation for lockless synchronization"
,journal="J. Parallel Distrib. Comput."
,volume={67}
,number="12"
,year="2007"
,issn="0743-7315"
,pages="1270--1285"
,doi="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpdc.2007.04.010"
,publisher="Academic Press, Inc."
,address="Orlando, FL, USA"
,annotation={
	Compares QSBR, HPBR, EBR, and lock-free reference counting.
	Journal version of ThomasEHart2006a.
}
}

# MathieuDesnoyers2007call_rcu_schedNeeded
@unpublished{MathieuDesnoyers2007call:rcu:schedNeeded
,Author="Mathieu Desnoyers"
,Title="Re: [patch 1/2] {Linux} Kernel Markers - Support Multiple Probes"
,month="December"
,day="20"
,year="2007"
,note="Available:
\url{https://lore.kernel.org/r/20071220142540.GB22523@Krystal}
[Viewed March 27, 2008]"
,annotation={
	Request for call_rcu_sched() and rcu_barrier_sched().
}
}


########################################################################
#
#	"What is RCU?" LWN series.
#
#	http://lwn.net/Articles/262464/ (What is RCU, Fundamentally?)
#	http://lwn.net/Articles/263130/ (What is RCU's Usage?)
#	http://lwn.net/Articles/264090/ (What is RCU's API?)

@unpublished{PaulEMcKenney2007WhatIsRCUFundamentally
,Author="Paul E. McKenney and Jonathan Walpole"
,Title="What is {RCU}, Fundamentally?"
,month="December"
,day="17"
,year="2007"
,note="Available:
\url{http://lwn.net/Articles/262464/}
[Viewed December 27, 2007]"
,annotation={
	Lays out the three basic components of RCU: (1) publish-subscribe,
	(2) wait for pre-existing readers to complete, and (2) maintain
	multiple versions.
}
}

@unpublished{PaulEMcKenney2008WhatIsRCUUsage
,Author="Paul E. McKenney"
,Title="What is {RCU}? Part 2: Usage"
,month="January"
,day="4"
,year="2008"
,note="Available:
\url{http://lwn.net/Articles/263130/}
[Viewed January 4, 2008]"
,annotation={
	Lays out six uses of RCU:
	1. RCU is a Reader-Writer Lock Replacement
	2. RCU is a Restricted Reference-Counting Mechanism
	3. RCU is a Bulk Reference-Counting Mechanism
	4. RCU is a Poor Man's Garbage Collector
	5. RCU is a Way of Providing Existence Guarantees
	6. RCU is a Way of Waiting for Things to Finish
}
}

@unpublished{PaulEMcKenney2008WhatIsRCUAPI
,Author="Paul E. McKenney"
,Title="{RCU} part 3: the {RCU} {API}"
,month="January"
,day="17"
,year="2008"
,note="Available:
\url{http://lwn.net/Articles/264090/}
[Viewed January 10, 2008]"
,annotation={
	Gives an overview of the Linux-kernel RCU API and a brief annotated RCU
	bibliography.
}
}

#
#	"What is RCU?" LWN series.
#
########################################################################


@unpublished{SteveRostedt2008dyntickRCUpatch
,Author="Steven Rostedt and Paul E. McKenney"
,Title="{[PATCH]} add support for dynamic ticks and preempt rcu"
,month="January"
,day="29"
,year="2008"
,note="Available:
\url{https://lore.kernel.org/r/Pine.LNX.4.58.0801291113350.20371@gandalf.stny.rr.com}
[Viewed March 27, 2008]"
,annotation={
	Patch that prevents preemptible RCU from unnecessarily waking
	up dynticks-idle CPUs.
}
}

@unpublished{PaulEMcKenney2008LKMLDependencyOrdering
,Author="Paul E. McKenney"
,Title="Re: [PATCH 02/22 -v7] Add basic support for gcc profiler instrumentation"
,month="February"
,day="1"
,year="2008"
,note="Available:
\url{https://lore.kernel.org/r/20080202214124.GA28612@linux.vnet.ibm.com}
[Viewed October 18, 2008]"
,annotation={
	Explanation of compilers violating dependency ordering.
}
}

@Conference{PaulEMcKenney2008Beijing
,Author="Paul E. McKenney"
,Title="Introducing Technology Into {Linux} Or:
Introducing your technology Into {Linux} will require introducing a
lot of {Linux} into your technology!!!"
,Booktitle="2008 Linux Developer Symposium - China"
,Publisher="OSS China"
,Month="February"
,Year="2008"
,Address="Beijing, China"
,note="Available:
\url{http://www.rdrop.com/users/paulmck/RCU/TechIntroLinux.2008.02.19a.pdf}
[Viewed August 12, 2008]"
}

@unpublished{PaulEMcKenney2008dynticksRCU
,Author="Paul E. McKenney and Steven Rostedt"
,Title="Integrating and Validating dynticks and Preemptable RCU"
,month="April"
,day="24"
,year="2008"
,note="Available:
\url{http://lwn.net/Articles/279077/}
[Viewed April 24, 2008]"
,annotation={
	Describes use of Promela and Spin to validate (and fix!) the
	dynticks/RCU interface.
}
}

@article{DinakarGuniguntala2008IBMSysJ
,author="D. Guniguntala and P. E. McKenney and J. Triplett and J. Walpole"
,title="The read-copy-update mechanism for supporting real-time applications on shared-memory multiprocessor systems with {Linux}"
,Year="2008"
,Month="May"
,journal="IBM Systems Journal"
,volume="47"
,number="2"
,pages="221-236"
,annotation={
	RCU, realtime RCU, sleepable RCU, performance.
	http://www.research.ibm.com/journal/sj/472/guniguntala.pdf
	[Viewed April 24, 2008]
}
}

@unpublished{LaiJiangshan2008NewClassicAlgorithm
,Author="Lai Jiangshan"
,Title="[{RFC}][{PATCH}] rcu classic: new algorithm for callbacks-processing"
,month="June"
,day="3"
,year="2008"
,note="Available:
\url{https://lore.kernel.org/r/4844BE83.5010401@cn.fujitsu.com}
[Viewed December 10, 2008]"
,annotation={
	Updated RCU classic algorithm.  Introduced multi-tailed list
	for RCU callbacks and also pulling common code into
	__call_rcu().
}
}

@article{PaulEMcKenney2008RCUOSR
,author="Paul E. McKenney and Jonathan Walpole"
,title="Introducing technology into the {Linux} kernel: a case study"
,Year="2008"
,journal="SIGOPS Oper. Syst. Rev."
,volume="42"
,number="5"
,pages="4--17"
,issn="0163-5980"
,doi={http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1400097.1400099}
,publisher="ACM"
,address="New York, NY, USA"
,annotation={
	Linux changed RCU to a far greater degree than RCU has changed Linux.
	http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=1400097.1400099
}
}

@unpublished{ManfredSpraul2008StateMachineRCU
,Author="Manfred Spraul"
,Title="[{RFC}, {PATCH}] state machine based rcu"
,month="August"
,day="21"
,year="2008"
,note="Available:
\url{https://lore.kernel.org/r/48AD8969.7060900@colorfullife.com}
[Viewed December 8, 2008]"
,annotation={
	State-based RCU.  One key thing that this patch does is to
	separate the dynticks handling of NMIs and IRQs.
}
}

@unpublished{ManfredSpraul2008dyntickIRQNMI
,Author="Manfred Spraul"
,Title="Re: [{RFC}, {PATCH}] v4 scalable classic {RCU} implementation"
,month="September"
,day="6"
,year="2008"
,note="Available:
\url{https://lore.kernel.org/r/48C2B1D2.5070801@colorfullife.com}
[Viewed December 8, 2008]"
,annotation={
	Manfred notes a fix required to my attempt to separate irq
	and NMI processing for hierarchical RCU's dynticks interface.
}
}

# Was PaulEMcKenney2011cyclicRCU
@techreport{PaulEMcKenney2008cyclicRCU
,author="Paul E. McKenney"
,title="Efficient Support of Consistent Cyclic Search With Read-Copy Update"
,institution="US Patent and Trademark Office"
,address="Washington, DC"
,year="2008"
,number="US Patent 7,426,511"
,month="September"
,pages="23"
,annotation={
	Maintains an additional level of indirection to allow
	readers to confine themselves to the desired snapshot of the
	data structure.  Only permits one update at a time.
}
}

@unpublished{PaulEMcKenney2008HierarchicalRCU
,Author="Paul E. McKenney"
,Title="Hierarchical {RCU}"
,month="November"
,day="3"
,year="2008"
,note="\url{http://lwn.net/Articles/305782/}"
,annotation={
	RCU with combining-tree-based grace-period detection,
	permitting it to handle thousands of CPUs.
	[Viewed November 6, 2008]
}
}

@unpublished{PaulEMcKenney2009BloatwatchRCU
,Author="Paul E. McKenney"
,Title="Re: [PATCH fyi] RCU: the bloatwatch edition"
,month="January"
,day="14"
,year="2009"
,note="Available:
\url{https://lore.kernel.org/r/20090114202044.GJ6734@linux.vnet.ibm.com}
[Viewed January 15, 2009]"
,annotation={
	Small-footprint implementation of RCU for uniprocessor
	embedded applications -- and also for exposition purposes.
}
}

@conference{PaulEMcKenney2009MaliciousURCU
,Author="Paul E. McKenney"
,Title="Using a Malicious User-Level {RCU} to Torture {RCU}-Based Algorithms"
,Booktitle="linux.conf.au 2009"
,month="January"
,year="2009"
,address="Hobart, Australia"
,note="Available:
\url{http://www.rdrop.com/users/paulmck/RCU/urcutorture.2009.01.22a.pdf}
[Viewed February 2, 2009]"
,annotation={
	Realtime RCU and torture-testing RCU uses.
}
}

@unpublished{MathieuDesnoyers2009URCU
,Author="Mathieu Desnoyers"
,Title="[{RFC} git tree] Userspace {RCU} (urcu) for {Linux}"
,month="February"
,day="5"
,year="2009"
,note="\url{http://lttng.org/urcu}"
,annotation={
	Mathieu Desnoyers's user-space RCU implementation.
	git://lttng.org/userspace-rcu.git
	http://lttng.org/cgi-bin/gitweb.cgi?p=userspace-rcu.git
	http://lttng.org/urcu
	https://lore.kernel.org/r/20090206030543.GB8560@Krystal
}
}

@unpublished{PaulEMcKenney2009LWNBloatWatchRCU
,Author="Paul E. McKenney"
,Title="{RCU}: The {Bloatwatch} Edition"
,month="March"
,day="17"
,year="2009"
,note="Available:
\url{http://lwn.net/Articles/323929/}
[Viewed March 20, 2009]"
,annotation={
	Uniprocessor assumptions allow simplified RCU implementation.
}
}

@unpublished{EvgeniyPolyakov2009EllipticsNetwork
,Author="Evgeniy Polyakov"
,Title="The Elliptics Network"
,month="April"
,day="17"
,year="2009"
,note="Available:
\url{http://www.ioremap.net/projects/elliptics}
[Viewed April 30, 2009]"
,annotation={
	Distributed hash table with transactions, using elliptic
	hash functions to distribute data.
}
}

@unpublished{PaulEMcKenney2009expeditedRCU
,Author="Paul E. McKenney"
,Title="[{PATCH} -tip 0/3] expedited 'big hammer' {RCU} grace periods"
,month="June"
,day="25"
,year="2009"
,note="Available:
\url{https://lore.kernel.org/r/20090625160706.GA9467@linux.vnet.ibm.com}
[Viewed August 16, 2009]"
,annotation={
	First posting of expedited RCU to be accepted into -tip.
}
}

@unpublished{PaulEMcKenney2009fastRTRCU
,Author="Paul E. McKenney"
,Title="[{PATCH} {RFC} -tip 0/4] {RCU} cleanups and simplified preemptable {RCU}"
,month="July"
,day="23"
,year="2009"
,note="Available:
\url{https://lore.kernel.org/r/20090724001429.GA17374@linux.vnet.ibm.com}
[Viewed August 15, 2009]"
,annotation={
	First posting of simple and fast preemptible RCU.
}
}

@unpublished{JoshTriplett2009RPHash
,Author="Josh Triplett"
,Title="Scalable concurrent hash tables via relativistic programming"
,month="September"
,year="2009"
,note="Linux Plumbers Conference presentation"
,annotation={
	RP fun with hash tables.
	Superseded by JoshTriplett2010RPHash
}
}

@phdthesis{MathieuDesnoyersPhD
, title  = "Low-Impact Operating System Tracing"
, author = "Mathieu Desnoyers"
, school = "Ecole Polytechnique de Montr\'{e}al"
, month  = "December"
, year   = 2009
,note="Available:
\url{http://www.lttng.org/pub/thesis/desnoyers-dissertation-2009-12.pdf}
[Viewed December 9, 2009]"
,annotation={
	Chapter 6 (page 97) covers user-level RCU.
}
}

@unpublished{RelativisticProgrammingWiki
,Author="Josh Triplett and Paul E. McKenney and Jonathan Walpole"
,Title="Relativistic Programming"
,month="September"
,year="2009"
,note="Available:
\url{http://wiki.cs.pdx.edu/rp/}
[Viewed December 9, 2009]"
,annotation={
	Main Relativistic Programming Wiki.
}
}

@conference{PaulEMcKenney2009DeterministicRCU
,Author="Paul E. McKenney"
,Title="Deterministic Synchronization in Multicore Systems: the Role of {RCU}"
,Booktitle="Eleventh Real Time Linux Workshop"
,month="September"
,year="2009"
,address="Dresden, Germany"
,note="Available:
\url{http://www.rdrop.com/users/paulmck/realtime/paper/DetSyncRCU.2009.08.18a.pdf}
[Viewed January 14, 2009]"
}

@unpublished{PaulEMcKenney2009HuntingHeisenbugs
,Author="Paul E. McKenney"
,Title="Hunting Heisenbugs"
,month="November"
,year="2009"
,day="1"
,note="Available:
\url{http://paulmck.livejournal.com/14639.html}
[Viewed June 4, 2010]"
,annotation={
	Day-one bug in Tree RCU that took forever to track down.
}
}

@unpublished{MathieuDesnoyers2009defer:rcu
,Author="Mathieu Desnoyers"
,Title="Kernel RCU: shrink the size of the struct rcu\_head"
,month="December"
,year="2009"
,note="Available:
\url{https://lore.kernel.org/r/20091018232918.GA7385@Krystal}
[Viewed December 29, 2009]"
,annotation={
	Mathieu proposed defer_rcu() with fixed-size per-thread pool
	of RCU callbacks.
}
}

@unpublished{MathieuDesnoyers2009VerifPrePub
,Author="Mathieu Desnoyers and Paul E. McKenney and Michel R. Dagenais"
,Title="Multi-Core Systems Modeling for Formal Verification of Parallel Algorithms"
,month="December"
,year="2009"
,note="Submitted to IEEE TPDS"
,annotation={
	OOMem model for Mathieu's user-level RCU mechanical proof of
	correctness.
}
}

@unpublished{MathieuDesnoyers2009URCUPrePub
,Author="Mathieu Desnoyers and Paul E. McKenney and Alan Stern and Michel R. Dagenais and Jonathan Walpole"
,Title="User-Level Implementations of Read-Copy Update"
,month="December"
,year="2010"
,url={\url{http://www.computer.org/csdl/trans/td/2012/02/ttd2012020375-abs.html}}
,annotation={
	RCU overview, desiderata, semi-formal semantics, user-level RCU
	usage scenarios, three classes of RCU implementation, wait-free
	RCU updates, RCU grace-period batching, update overhead,
	http://www.rdrop.com/users/paulmck/RCU/urcu-main-accepted.2011.08.30a.pdf
	http://www.rdrop.com/users/paulmck/RCU/urcu-supp-accepted.2011.08.30a.pdf
	Superseded by MathieuDesnoyers2012URCU.
}
}

@inproceedings{HariKannan2009DynamicAnalysisRCU
,author = {Kannan, Hari}
,title = {Ordering decoupled metadata accesses in multiprocessors}
,booktitle = {MICRO 42: Proceedings of the 42nd Annual IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Microarchitecture}
,year = {2009}
,isbn = {978-1-60558-798-1}
,pages = {381--390}
,location = {New York, New York}
,doi = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1669112.1669161}
,publisher = {ACM}
,address = {New York, NY, USA}
,annotation={
	Uses RCU to protect metadata used in dynamic analysis.
}
}

@conference{PaulEMcKenney2010SimpleOptRCU
,Author="Paul E. McKenney"
,Title="Simplicity Through Optimization"
,Booktitle="linux.conf.au 2010"
,month="January"
,year="2010"
,address="Wellington, New Zealand"
,note="Available:
\url{http://www.rdrop.com/users/paulmck/RCU/SimplicityThruOptimization.2010.01.21f.pdf}
[Viewed October 10, 2010]"
,annotation={
	TREE_PREEMPT_RCU optimizations greatly simplified the old
	PREEMPT_RCU implementation.
}
}

@unpublished{PaulEMcKenney2010LockdepRCU
,Author="Paul E. McKenney"
,Title="Lockdep-{RCU}"
,month="February"
,year="2010"
,day="1"
,note="\url{https://lwn.net/Articles/371986/}"
,annotation={
	CONFIG_PROVE_RCU, or at least an early version.
	[Viewed June 4, 2010]
}
}

@unpublished{AviKivity2010KVM2RCU
,Author="Avi Kivity"
,Title="[{PATCH} 37/40] {KVM}: Bump maximum vcpu count to 64"
,month="February"
,year="2010"
,note="Available:
\url{http://www.mail-archive.com/kvm@vger.kernel.org/msg28640.html}
[Viewed March 20, 2010]"
,annotation={
	Use of RCU permits KVM to increase the size of guest OSes from
	16 CPUs to 64 CPUs.
}
}

@unpublished{HerbertXu2010RCUResizeHash
,Author="Herbert Xu"
,Title="bridge: Add core IGMP snooping support"
,month="February"
,year="2010"
,note="Available:
\url{http://thread.gmane.org/gmane.linux.network/153338}
[Viewed June 9, 2014]"
,annotation={
	Use a pair of list_head structures to support RCU-protected
	resizable hash tables.
}
}

@mastersthesis{AbhinavDuggal2010Masters
,author="Abhinav Duggal"
,title="Stopping Data Races Using Redflag"
,school="Stony Brook University"
,year="2010"
,annotation={
	Data-race detector incorporating RCU.
	http://www.filesystems.org/docs/abhinav-thesis/abhinav_thesis.pdf
}
}

@article{JoshTriplett2010RPHash
,author="Josh Triplett and Paul E. McKenney and Jonathan Walpole"
,title="Scalable Concurrent Hash Tables via Relativistic Programming"
,journal="ACM Operating Systems Review"
,year=2010
,volume=44
,number=3
,month="July"
,annotation={
	RP fun with hash tables.
	http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1842733.1842750
}
}

@unpublished{PaulEMcKenney2010RCUAPI
,Author="Paul E. McKenney"
,Title="The {RCU} {API}, 2010 Edition"
,month="December"
,day="8"
,year="2010"
,note="\url{http://lwn.net/Articles/418853/}"
,annotation={
	Includes updated software-engineering features.
	[Viewed December 8, 2010]
}
}

@mastersthesis{AndrejPodzimek2010masters
,author="Andrej Podzimek"
,title="Read-Copy-Update for OpenSolaris"
,school="Charles University in Prague"
,year="2010"
,note="Available:
\url{https://andrej.podzimek.org/thesis.pdf}
[Viewed January 31, 2011]"
,annotation={
	Reviews RCU implementations and creates a few for OpenSolaris.
	Drives quiescent-state detection from RCU read-side primitives,
	in a manner roughly similar to that of Jim Houston.
}
}

@unpublished{LinusTorvalds2011Linux2:6:38:rc1:NPigginVFS
,Author="Linus Torvalds"
,Title="Linux 2.6.38-rc1"
,month="January"
,year="2011"
,note="Available:
\url{https://lore.kernel.org/r/AANLkTimajU0x1v6y3rH2+jr-bZ=tNLs1S_agXdGGAa3S@mail.gmail.com}
[Viewed March 4, 2011]"
,annotation={
	"The RCU-based name lookup is at the other end of the spectrum - the
	absolute anti-gimmick. It's some seriously good stuff, and gets rid of
	the last main global lock that really tends to hurt some kernel loads.
	The dentry lock is no longer a big serializing issue. What's really
	nice about it is that it actually improves performance a lot even for
	single-threaded loads (on an SMP kernel), because it gets rid of some
	of the most expensive parts of path component lookup, which was the
	d_lock on every component lookup. So I'm seeing improvements of 30-50%
	on some seriously pathname-lookup intensive loads."
}
}

@techreport{JoshTriplett2011RPScalableCorrectOrdering
,author = {Josh Triplett and Philip W. Howard and Paul E. McKenney and Jonathan Walpole}
,title = {Scalable Correct Memory Ordering via Relativistic Programming}
,year = {2011}
,number = {11-03}
,institution = {Portland State University}
,note = {\url{http://www.cs.pdx.edu/pdfs/tr1103.pdf}}
}

@inproceedings{PhilHoward2011RCUTMRBTree
,author = {Philip W. Howard and Jonathan Walpole}
,title = {A Relativistic Enhancement to Software Transactional Memory}
,booktitle = {Proceedings of the 3rd USENIX conference on Hot topics in parallelism}
,series = {HotPar'11}
,year = {2011}
,location = {Berkeley, CA}
,pages = {1--6}
,numpages = {6}
,url = {http://www.usenix.org/event/hotpar11/tech/final_files/Howard.pdf}
,publisher = {USENIX Association}
,address = {Berkeley, CA, USA}
}

@techreport{PaulEMcKenney2011cyclicparallelRCU
,author="Paul E. McKenney and Jonathan Walpole"
,title="Efficient Support of Consistent Cyclic Search With Read-Copy Update and Parallel Updates"
,institution="US Patent and Trademark Office"
,address="Washington, DC"
,year="2011"
,number="US Patent 7,953,778"
,month="May"
,pages="34"
,annotation={
	Maintains an array of generation numbers to track in-flight
	updates and keeps an additional level of indirection to allow
	readers to confine themselves to the desired snapshot of the
	data structure.
}
}

@inproceedings{Triplett:2011:RPHash
,author = {Triplett, Josh and McKenney, Paul E. and Walpole, Jonathan}
,title = {Resizable, Scalable, Concurrent Hash Tables via Relativistic Programming}
,booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2011 USENIX Annual Technical Conference}
,month = {June}
,year = {2011}
,pages = {145--158}
,numpages = {14}
,url={http://www.usenix.org/event/atc11/tech/final_files/Triplett.pdf}
,publisher = {The USENIX Association}
,address = {Portland, OR USA}
}

@unpublished{PaulEMcKenney2011RCU3.0trainwreck
,Author="Paul E. McKenney"
,Title="3.0 and {RCU:} what went wrong"
,month="July"
,day="27"
,year="2011"
,note="\url{http://lwn.net/Articles/453002/}"
,annotation={
	Analysis of the RCU trainwreck in Linux kernel 3.0.
	[Viewed July 27, 2011]
}
}

@unpublished{NeilBrown2011MeetTheLockers
,Author="Neil Brown"
,Title="Meet the {Lockers}"
,month="August"
,day="3"
,year="2011"
,note="Available:
\url{http://lwn.net/Articles/453685/}
[Viewed September 2, 2011]"
,annotation={
	The Locker family as an analogy for locking, reference counting,
	RCU, and seqlock.
}
}

@inproceedings{Seyster:2011:RFA:2075416.2075425
,author = {Seyster, Justin and Radhakrishnan, Prabakar and Katoch, Samriti and Duggal, Abhinav and Stoller, Scott D. and Zadok, Erez}
,title = {Redflag: a framework for analysis of Kernel-level concurrency}
,booktitle = {Proceedings of the 11th international conference on Algorithms and architectures for parallel processing - Volume Part I}
,series = {ICA3PP'11}
,year = {2011}
,isbn = {978-3-642-24649-4}
,location = {Melbourne, Australia}
,pages = {66--79}
,numpages = {14}
,url = {http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2075416.2075425}
,acmid = {2075425}
,publisher = {Springer-Verlag}
,address = {Berlin, Heidelberg}
}

@phdthesis{JoshTriplettPhD
,author="Josh Triplett"
,title="Relativistic Causal Ordering: A Memory Model for Scalable Concurrent Data Structures"
,school="Portland State University"
,year="2012"
,annotation={
	RCU-protected hash tables, barriers vs. read-side traversal order.
	.
	If the updater is making changes in the opposite direction from
	the read-side traversal order, the updater need only execute a
	memory-barrier instruction, but if in the same direction, the
	updater needs to wait for a grace period between the individual
	updates.
}
}

@article{MathieuDesnoyers2012URCU
,Author="Mathieu Desnoyers and Paul E. McKenney and Alan Stern and Michel R. Dagenais and Jonathan Walpole"
,Title="User-Level Implementations of Read-Copy Update"
,journal="IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems"
,volume={23}
,year="2012"
,issn="1045-9219"
,pages="375-382"
,doi="http://doi.ieeecomputersociety.org/10.1109/TPDS.2011.159"
,publisher="IEEE Computer Society"
,address="Los Alamitos, CA, USA"
,annotation={
	RCU overview, desiderata, semi-formal semantics, user-level RCU
	usage scenarios, three classes of RCU implementation, wait-free
	RCU updates, RCU grace-period batching, update overhead,
	http://www.rdrop.com/users/paulmck/RCU/urcu-main-accepted.2011.08.30a.pdf
	http://www.rdrop.com/users/paulmck/RCU/urcu-supp-accepted.2011.08.30a.pdf
	http://www.computer.org/cms/Computer.org/dl/trans/td/2012/02/extras/ttd2012020375s.pdf
}
}

@inproceedings{AustinClements2012RCULinux:mmapsem
,author = {Austin Clements and Frans Kaashoek and Nickolai Zeldovich}
,title = {Scalable Address Spaces Using {RCU} Balanced Trees}
,booktitle = {Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems (ASPLOS 2012)}
,month = {March}
,year = {2012}
,pages = {199--210}
,numpages = {12}
,publisher = {ACM}
,address = {London, UK}
,url="http://people.csail.mit.edu/nickolai/papers/clements-bonsai.pdf"
}

@unpublished{PaulEMcKenney2012ELCbattery
,Author="Paul E. McKenney"
,Title="Making {RCU} Safe For Battery-Powered Devices"
,month="February"
,day="15"
,year="2012"
,note="Available:
\url{http://www.rdrop.com/users/paulmck/RCU/RCUdynticks.2012.02.15b.pdf}
[Viewed March 1, 2012]"
,annotation={
	RCU_FAST_NO_HZ, round 2.
}
}

@article{GuillermoVigueras2012RCUCrowd
,author = {Vigueras, Guillermo and Ordu\~{n}a, Juan M. and Lozano, Miguel}
,day = {25}
,doi = {10.1007/s11227-012-0766-x}
,issn = {0920-8542}
,journal = {The Journal of Supercomputing}
,keywords = {linux, simulation}
,month = apr
,posted-at = {2012-05-03 09:12:04}
,priority = {2}
,title = {{A Read-Copy Update based parallel server for distributed crowd simulations}}
,url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11227-012-0766-x}
,year = {2012}
}


@unpublished{JonCorbet2012ACCESS:ONCE
,Author="Jon Corbet"
,Title="{ACCESS\_ONCE()}"
,month="August"
,day="1"
,year="2012"
,note="\url{http://lwn.net/Articles/508991/}"
,annotation={
	A couple of simple specific compiler optimizations that motivate
	ACCESS_ONCE().
}
}

@unpublished{AlexeyGotsman2012VerifyGraceExtended
,Author="Alexey Gotsman and Noam Rinetzky and Hongseok Yang"
,Title="Verifying Highly Concurrent Algorithms with Grace (extended version)"
,month="July"
,day="10"
,year="2012"
,note="\url{http://software.imdea.org/~gotsman/papers/recycling-esop13-ext.pdf}"
,annotation={
	Separation-logic formulation of RCU uses.
}
}

@unpublished{PaulMcKenney2012RCUUsage
,Author="Paul E. McKenney and Silas Boyd-Wickizer and Jonathan Walpole"
,Title="{RCU} Usage In the Linux Kernel: One Decade Later"
,month="September"
,day="17"
,year="2012"
,url=http://rdrop.com/users/paulmck/techreports/survey.2012.09.17a.pdf
,note="Technical report paulmck.2012.09.17"
,annotation={
	Overview of the first variant of no-CBs CPUs for RCU.
}
}

@unpublished{JonCorbet2012NOCB
,Author="Jon Corbet"
,Title="Relocating RCU callbacks"
,month="October"
,day="31"
,year="2012"
,note="\url{http://lwn.net/Articles/522262/}"
,annotation={
	Overview of the first variant of no-CBs CPUs for RCU.
}
}

@phdthesis{JustinSeyster2012PhD
,author="Justin Seyster"
,title="Runtime Verification of Kernel-Level Concurrency Using Compiler-Based Instrumentation"
,school="Stony Brook University"
,year="2012"
,annotation={
	Looking for data races, including those involving RCU.
	Proposal:
	http://www.fsl.cs.sunysb.edu/docs/jseyster-proposal/redflag.pdf
	Dissertation:
	http://www.fsl.cs.sunysb.edu/docs/jseyster-dissertation/redflag.pdf
}
}

@unpublished{PaulEMcKenney2013RCUUsage
,Author="Paul E. McKenney and Silas Boyd-Wickizer and Jonathan Walpole"
,Title="{RCU} Usage in the {Linux} Kernel: One Decade Later"
,month="February"
,day="24"
,year="2013"
,note="\url{http://rdrop.com/users/paulmck/techreports/RCUUsage.2013.02.24a.pdf}"
,annotation={
	Usage of RCU within the Linux kernel.
}
}

@inproceedings{AlexeyGotsman2013ESOPRCU
,author = {Alexey Gotsman and Noam Rinetzky and Hongseok Yang}
,title = {Verifying concurrent memory reclamation algorithms with grace}
,booktitle = {ESOP'13: European Symposium on Programming}
,year = {2013}
,pages = {249--269}
,publisher = {Springer}
,address = {Rome, Italy}
,annotation={
	http://software.imdea.org/~gotsman/papers/recycling-esop13.pdf
}
}

@unpublished{PaulEMcKenney2013NoTinyPreempt
,Author="Paul E. McKenney"
,Title="Simplifying RCU"
,month="March"
,day="6"
,year="2013"
,note="\url{http://lwn.net/Articles/541037/}"
,annotation={
	Getting rid of TINY_PREEMPT_RCU.
}
}