summaryrefslogtreecommitdiff
path: root/Documentation/bpf/cpumasks.rst
blob: b5d47a04da5d8d5c1754f15417468350c90e6ff1 (plain)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0

.. _cpumasks-header-label:

==================
BPF cpumask kfuncs
==================

1. Introduction
===============

``struct cpumask`` is a bitmap data structure in the kernel whose indices
reflect the CPUs on the system. Commonly, cpumasks are used to track which CPUs
a task is affinitized to, but they can also be used to e.g. track which cores
are associated with a scheduling domain, which cores on a machine are idle,
etc.

BPF provides programs with a set of :ref:`kfuncs-header-label` that can be
used to allocate, mutate, query, and free cpumasks.

2. BPF cpumask objects
======================

There are two different types of cpumasks that can be used by BPF programs.

2.1 ``struct bpf_cpumask *``
----------------------------

``struct bpf_cpumask *`` is a cpumask that is allocated by BPF, on behalf of a
BPF program, and whose lifecycle is entirely controlled by BPF. These cpumasks
are RCU-protected, can be mutated, can be used as kptrs, and can be safely cast
to a ``struct cpumask *``.

2.1.1 ``struct bpf_cpumask *`` lifecycle
----------------------------------------

A ``struct bpf_cpumask *`` is allocated, acquired, and released, using the
following functions:

.. kernel-doc:: kernel/bpf/cpumask.c
  :identifiers: bpf_cpumask_create

.. kernel-doc:: kernel/bpf/cpumask.c
  :identifiers: bpf_cpumask_acquire

.. kernel-doc:: kernel/bpf/cpumask.c
  :identifiers: bpf_cpumask_release

For example:

.. code-block:: c

        struct cpumask_map_value {
                struct bpf_cpumask __kptr * cpumask;
        };

        struct array_map {
                __uint(type, BPF_MAP_TYPE_ARRAY);
                __type(key, int);
                __type(value, struct cpumask_map_value);
                __uint(max_entries, 65536);
        } cpumask_map SEC(".maps");

        static int cpumask_map_insert(struct bpf_cpumask *mask, u32 pid)
        {
                struct cpumask_map_value local, *v;
                long status;
                struct bpf_cpumask *old;
                u32 key = pid;

                local.cpumask = NULL;
                status = bpf_map_update_elem(&cpumask_map, &key, &local, 0);
                if (status) {
                        bpf_cpumask_release(mask);
                        return status;
                }

                v = bpf_map_lookup_elem(&cpumask_map, &key);
                if (!v) {
                        bpf_cpumask_release(mask);
                        return -ENOENT;
                }

                old = bpf_kptr_xchg(&v->cpumask, mask);
                if (old)
                        bpf_cpumask_release(old);

                return 0;
        }

        /**
         * A sample tracepoint showing how a task's cpumask can be queried and
         * recorded as a kptr.
         */
        SEC("tp_btf/task_newtask")
        int BPF_PROG(record_task_cpumask, struct task_struct *task, u64 clone_flags)
        {
                struct bpf_cpumask *cpumask;
                int ret;

                cpumask = bpf_cpumask_create();
                if (!cpumask)
                        return -ENOMEM;

                if (!bpf_cpumask_full(task->cpus_ptr))
                        bpf_printk("task %s has CPU affinity", task->comm);

                bpf_cpumask_copy(cpumask, task->cpus_ptr);
                return cpumask_map_insert(cpumask, task->pid);
        }

----

2.1.1 ``struct bpf_cpumask *`` as kptrs
---------------------------------------

As mentioned and illustrated above, these ``struct bpf_cpumask *`` objects can
also be stored in a map and used as kptrs. If a ``struct bpf_cpumask *`` is in
a map, the reference can be removed from the map with bpf_kptr_xchg(), or
opportunistically acquired using RCU:

.. code-block:: c

	/* struct containing the struct bpf_cpumask kptr which is stored in the map. */
	struct cpumasks_kfunc_map_value {
		struct bpf_cpumask __kptr * bpf_cpumask;
	};

	/* The map containing struct cpumasks_kfunc_map_value entries. */
	struct {
		__uint(type, BPF_MAP_TYPE_ARRAY);
		__type(key, int);
		__type(value, struct cpumasks_kfunc_map_value);
		__uint(max_entries, 1);
	} cpumasks_kfunc_map SEC(".maps");

	/* ... */

	/**
	 * A simple example tracepoint program showing how a
	 * struct bpf_cpumask * kptr that is stored in a map can
	 * be passed to kfuncs using RCU protection.
	 */
	SEC("tp_btf/cgroup_mkdir")
	int BPF_PROG(cgrp_ancestor_example, struct cgroup *cgrp, const char *path)
	{
		struct bpf_cpumask *kptr;
		struct cpumasks_kfunc_map_value *v;
		u32 key = 0;

		/* Assume a bpf_cpumask * kptr was previously stored in the map. */
		v = bpf_map_lookup_elem(&cpumasks_kfunc_map, &key);
		if (!v)
			return -ENOENT;

		bpf_rcu_read_lock();
		/* Acquire a reference to the bpf_cpumask * kptr that's already stored in the map. */
		kptr = v->cpumask;
		if (!kptr) {
			/* If no bpf_cpumask was present in the map, it's because
			 * we're racing with another CPU that removed it with
			 * bpf_kptr_xchg() between the bpf_map_lookup_elem()
			 * above, and our load of the pointer from the map.
			 */
			bpf_rcu_read_unlock();
			return -EBUSY;
		}

		bpf_cpumask_setall(kptr);
		bpf_rcu_read_unlock();

		return 0;
	}

----

2.2 ``struct cpumask``
----------------------

``struct cpumask`` is the object that actually contains the cpumask bitmap
being queried, mutated, etc. A ``struct bpf_cpumask`` wraps a ``struct
cpumask``, which is why it's safe to cast it as such (note however that it is
**not** safe to cast a ``struct cpumask *`` to a ``struct bpf_cpumask *``, and
the verifier will reject any program that tries to do so).

As we'll see below, any kfunc that mutates its cpumask argument will take a
``struct bpf_cpumask *`` as that argument. Any argument that simply queries the
cpumask will instead take a ``struct cpumask *``.

3. cpumask kfuncs
=================

Above, we described the kfuncs that can be used to allocate, acquire, release,
etc a ``struct bpf_cpumask *``. This section of the document will describe the
kfuncs for mutating and querying cpumasks.

3.1 Mutating cpumasks
---------------------

Some cpumask kfuncs are "read-only" in that they don't mutate any of their
arguments, whereas others mutate at least one argument (which means that the
argument must be a ``struct bpf_cpumask *``, as described above).

This section will describe all of the cpumask kfuncs which mutate at least one
argument. :ref:`cpumasks-querying-label` below describes the read-only kfuncs.

3.1.1 Setting and clearing CPUs
-------------------------------

bpf_cpumask_set_cpu() and bpf_cpumask_clear_cpu() can be used to set and clear
a CPU in a ``struct bpf_cpumask`` respectively:

.. kernel-doc:: kernel/bpf/cpumask.c
   :identifiers: bpf_cpumask_set_cpu bpf_cpumask_clear_cpu

These kfuncs are pretty straightforward, and can be used, for example, as
follows:

.. code-block:: c

        /**
         * A sample tracepoint showing how a cpumask can be queried.
         */
        SEC("tp_btf/task_newtask")
        int BPF_PROG(test_set_clear_cpu, struct task_struct *task, u64 clone_flags)
        {
                struct bpf_cpumask *cpumask;

                cpumask = bpf_cpumask_create();
                if (!cpumask)
                        return -ENOMEM;

                bpf_cpumask_set_cpu(0, cpumask);
                if (!bpf_cpumask_test_cpu(0, cast(cpumask)))
                        /* Should never happen. */
                        goto release_exit;

                bpf_cpumask_clear_cpu(0, cpumask);
                if (bpf_cpumask_test_cpu(0, cast(cpumask)))
                        /* Should never happen. */
                        goto release_exit;

                /* struct cpumask * pointers such as task->cpus_ptr can also be queried. */
                if (bpf_cpumask_test_cpu(0, task->cpus_ptr))
                        bpf_printk("task %s can use CPU %d", task->comm, 0);

        release_exit:
                bpf_cpumask_release(cpumask);
                return 0;
        }

----

bpf_cpumask_test_and_set_cpu() and bpf_cpumask_test_and_clear_cpu() are
complementary kfuncs that allow callers to atomically test and set (or clear)
CPUs:

.. kernel-doc:: kernel/bpf/cpumask.c
   :identifiers: bpf_cpumask_test_and_set_cpu bpf_cpumask_test_and_clear_cpu

----

We can also set and clear entire ``struct bpf_cpumask *`` objects in one
operation using bpf_cpumask_setall() and bpf_cpumask_clear():

.. kernel-doc:: kernel/bpf/cpumask.c
   :identifiers: bpf_cpumask_setall bpf_cpumask_clear

3.1.2 Operations between cpumasks
---------------------------------

In addition to setting and clearing individual CPUs in a single cpumask,
callers can also perform bitwise operations between multiple cpumasks using
bpf_cpumask_and(), bpf_cpumask_or(), and bpf_cpumask_xor():

.. kernel-doc:: kernel/bpf/cpumask.c
   :identifiers: bpf_cpumask_and bpf_cpumask_or bpf_cpumask_xor

The following is an example of how they may be used. Note that some of the
kfuncs shown in this example will be covered in more detail below.

.. code-block:: c

        /**
         * A sample tracepoint showing how a cpumask can be mutated using
           bitwise operators (and queried).
         */
        SEC("tp_btf/task_newtask")
        int BPF_PROG(test_and_or_xor, struct task_struct *task, u64 clone_flags)
        {
                struct bpf_cpumask *mask1, *mask2, *dst1, *dst2;

                mask1 = bpf_cpumask_create();
                if (!mask1)
                        return -ENOMEM;

                mask2 = bpf_cpumask_create();
                if (!mask2) {
                        bpf_cpumask_release(mask1);
                        return -ENOMEM;
                }

                // ...Safely create the other two masks... */

                bpf_cpumask_set_cpu(0, mask1);
                bpf_cpumask_set_cpu(1, mask2);
                bpf_cpumask_and(dst1, (const struct cpumask *)mask1, (const struct cpumask *)mask2);
                if (!bpf_cpumask_empty((const struct cpumask *)dst1))
                        /* Should never happen. */
                        goto release_exit;

                bpf_cpumask_or(dst1, (const struct cpumask *)mask1, (const struct cpumask *)mask2);
                if (!bpf_cpumask_test_cpu(0, (const struct cpumask *)dst1))
                        /* Should never happen. */
                        goto release_exit;

                if (!bpf_cpumask_test_cpu(1, (const struct cpumask *)dst1))
                        /* Should never happen. */
                        goto release_exit;

                bpf_cpumask_xor(dst2, (const struct cpumask *)mask1, (const struct cpumask *)mask2);
                if (!bpf_cpumask_equal((const struct cpumask *)dst1,
                                       (const struct cpumask *)dst2))
                        /* Should never happen. */
                        goto release_exit;

         release_exit:
                bpf_cpumask_release(mask1);
                bpf_cpumask_release(mask2);
                bpf_cpumask_release(dst1);
                bpf_cpumask_release(dst2);
                return 0;
        }

----

The contents of an entire cpumask may be copied to another using
bpf_cpumask_copy():

.. kernel-doc:: kernel/bpf/cpumask.c
   :identifiers: bpf_cpumask_copy

----

.. _cpumasks-querying-label:

3.2 Querying cpumasks
---------------------

In addition to the above kfuncs, there is also a set of read-only kfuncs that
can be used to query the contents of cpumasks.

.. kernel-doc:: kernel/bpf/cpumask.c
   :identifiers: bpf_cpumask_first bpf_cpumask_first_zero bpf_cpumask_first_and
                 bpf_cpumask_test_cpu bpf_cpumask_weight

.. kernel-doc:: kernel/bpf/cpumask.c
   :identifiers: bpf_cpumask_equal bpf_cpumask_intersects bpf_cpumask_subset
                 bpf_cpumask_empty bpf_cpumask_full

.. kernel-doc:: kernel/bpf/cpumask.c
   :identifiers: bpf_cpumask_any_distribute bpf_cpumask_any_and_distribute

----

Some example usages of these querying kfuncs were shown above. We will not
replicate those examples here. Note, however, that all of the aforementioned
kfuncs are tested in `tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/cpumask_success.c`_, so
please take a look there if you're looking for more examples of how they can be
used.

.. _tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/cpumask_success.c:
   https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git/tree/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/cpumask_success.c


4. Adding BPF cpumask kfuncs
============================

The set of supported BPF cpumask kfuncs are not (yet) a 1-1 match with the
cpumask operations in include/linux/cpumask.h. Any of those cpumask operations
could easily be encapsulated in a new kfunc if and when required. If you'd like
to support a new cpumask operation, please feel free to submit a patch. If you
do add a new cpumask kfunc, please document it here, and add any relevant
selftest testcases to the cpumask selftest suite.