summaryrefslogtreecommitdiff
path: root/Documentation/x86/boot.txt
blob: 3840b6f28afb46af7a865e5f115f460b41785b6e (plain)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
1001
1002
1003
1004
1005
1006
1007
1008
1009
1010
1011
1012
1013
1014
1015
1016
1017
1018
1019
1020
1021
1022
1023
1024
1025
1026
1027
1028
1029
1030
1031
1032
1033
1034
1035
1036
1037
1038
1039
1040
1041
1042
1043
1044
1045
1046
1047
1048
1049
1050
1051
1052
1053
1054
1055
1056
1057
1058
1059
1060
1061
1062
1063
1064
1065
1066
1067
1068
1069
1070
1071
1072
1073
1074
1075
1076
1077
1078
1079
1080
1081
1082
1083
1084
1085
1086
1087
1088
1089
1090
1091
1092
1093
1094
1095
1096
1097
1098
1099
1100
1101
1102
1103
1104
1105
1106
1107
1108
1109
1110
1111
1112
1113
1114
1115
1116
1117
1118
1119
1120
1121
		     THE LINUX/x86 BOOT PROTOCOL
		     ---------------------------

On the x86 platform, the Linux kernel uses a rather complicated boot
convention.  This has evolved partially due to historical aspects, as
well as the desire in the early days to have the kernel itself be a
bootable image, the complicated PC memory model and due to changed
expectations in the PC industry caused by the effective demise of
real-mode DOS as a mainstream operating system.

Currently, the following versions of the Linux/x86 boot protocol exist.

Old kernels:	zImage/Image support only.  Some very early kernels
		may not even support a command line.

Protocol 2.00:	(Kernel 1.3.73) Added bzImage and initrd support, as
		well as a formalized way to communicate between the
		boot loader and the kernel.  setup.S made relocatable,
		although the traditional setup area still assumed
		writable.

Protocol 2.01:	(Kernel 1.3.76) Added a heap overrun warning.

Protocol 2.02:	(Kernel 2.4.0-test3-pre3) New command line protocol.
		Lower the conventional memory ceiling.	No overwrite
		of the traditional setup area, thus making booting
		safe for systems which use the EBDA from SMM or 32-bit
		BIOS entry points.  zImage deprecated but still
		supported.

Protocol 2.03:	(Kernel 2.4.18-pre1) Explicitly makes the highest possible
		initrd address available to the bootloader.

Protocol 2.04:	(Kernel 2.6.14) Extend the syssize field to four bytes.

Protocol 2.05:	(Kernel 2.6.20) Make protected mode kernel relocatable.
		Introduce relocatable_kernel and kernel_alignment fields.

Protocol 2.06:	(Kernel 2.6.22) Added a field that contains the size of
		the boot command line.

Protocol 2.07:	(Kernel 2.6.24) Added paravirtualised boot protocol.
		Introduced hardware_subarch and hardware_subarch_data
		and KEEP_SEGMENTS flag in load_flags.

Protocol 2.08:	(Kernel 2.6.26) Added crc32 checksum and ELF format
		payload. Introduced payload_offset and payload_length
		fields to aid in locating the payload.

Protocol 2.09:	(Kernel 2.6.26) Added a field of 64-bit physical
		pointer to single linked list of struct	setup_data.

Protocol 2.10:	(Kernel 2.6.31) Added a protocol for relaxed alignment
		beyond the kernel_alignment added, new init_size and
		pref_address fields.  Added extended boot loader IDs.

Protocol 2.11:	(Kernel 3.6) Added a field for offset of EFI handover
		protocol entry point.

Protocol 2.12:	(Kernel 3.8) Added the xloadflags field and extension fields
	 	to struct boot_params for for loading bzImage and ramdisk
		above 4G in 64bit.

**** MEMORY LAYOUT

The traditional memory map for the kernel loader, used for Image or
zImage kernels, typically looks like:

	|			 |
0A0000	+------------------------+
	|  Reserved for BIOS	 |	Do not use.  Reserved for BIOS EBDA.
09A000	+------------------------+
	|  Command line		 |
	|  Stack/heap		 |	For use by the kernel real-mode code.
098000	+------------------------+	
	|  Kernel setup		 |	The kernel real-mode code.
090200	+------------------------+
	|  Kernel boot sector	 |	The kernel legacy boot sector.
090000	+------------------------+
	|  Protected-mode kernel |	The bulk of the kernel image.
010000	+------------------------+
	|  Boot loader		 |	<- Boot sector entry point 0000:7C00
001000	+------------------------+
	|  Reserved for MBR/BIOS |
000800	+------------------------+
	|  Typically used by MBR |
000600	+------------------------+ 
	|  BIOS use only	 |
000000	+------------------------+


When using bzImage, the protected-mode kernel was relocated to
0x100000 ("high memory"), and the kernel real-mode block (boot sector,
setup, and stack/heap) was made relocatable to any address between
0x10000 and end of low memory. Unfortunately, in protocols 2.00 and
2.01 the 0x90000+ memory range is still used internally by the kernel;
the 2.02 protocol resolves that problem.

It is desirable to keep the "memory ceiling" -- the highest point in
low memory touched by the boot loader -- as low as possible, since
some newer BIOSes have begun to allocate some rather large amounts of
memory, called the Extended BIOS Data Area, near the top of low
memory.	 The boot loader should use the "INT 12h" BIOS call to verify
how much low memory is available.

Unfortunately, if INT 12h reports that the amount of memory is too
low, there is usually nothing the boot loader can do but to report an
error to the user.  The boot loader should therefore be designed to
take up as little space in low memory as it reasonably can.  For
zImage or old bzImage kernels, which need data written into the
0x90000 segment, the boot loader should make sure not to use memory
above the 0x9A000 point; too many BIOSes will break above that point.

For a modern bzImage kernel with boot protocol version >= 2.02, a
memory layout like the following is suggested:

	~                        ~
        |  Protected-mode kernel |
100000  +------------------------+
	|  I/O memory hole	 |
0A0000	+------------------------+
	|  Reserved for BIOS	 |	Leave as much as possible unused
	~                        ~
	|  Command line		 |	(Can also be below the X+10000 mark)
X+10000	+------------------------+
	|  Stack/heap		 |	For use by the kernel real-mode code.
X+08000	+------------------------+	
	|  Kernel setup		 |	The kernel real-mode code.
	|  Kernel boot sector	 |	The kernel legacy boot sector.
X       +------------------------+
	|  Boot loader		 |	<- Boot sector entry point 0000:7C00
001000	+------------------------+
	|  Reserved for MBR/BIOS |
000800	+------------------------+
	|  Typically used by MBR |
000600	+------------------------+ 
	|  BIOS use only	 |
000000	+------------------------+

... where the address X is as low as the design of the boot loader
permits.


**** THE REAL-MODE KERNEL HEADER

In the following text, and anywhere in the kernel boot sequence, "a
sector" refers to 512 bytes.  It is independent of the actual sector
size of the underlying medium.

The first step in loading a Linux kernel should be to load the
real-mode code (boot sector and setup code) and then examine the
following header at offset 0x01f1.  The real-mode code can total up to
32K, although the boot loader may choose to load only the first two
sectors (1K) and then examine the bootup sector size.

The header looks like:

Offset	Proto	Name		Meaning
/Size

01F1/1	ALL(1	setup_sects	The size of the setup in sectors
01F2/2	ALL	root_flags	If set, the root is mounted readonly
01F4/4	2.04+(2	syssize		The size of the 32-bit code in 16-byte paras
01F8/2	ALL	ram_size	DO NOT USE - for bootsect.S use only
01FA/2	ALL	vid_mode	Video mode control
01FC/2	ALL	root_dev	Default root device number
01FE/2	ALL	boot_flag	0xAA55 magic number
0200/2	2.00+	jump		Jump instruction
0202/4	2.00+	header		Magic signature "HdrS"
0206/2	2.00+	version		Boot protocol version supported
0208/4	2.00+	realmode_swtch	Boot loader hook (see below)
020C/2	2.00+	start_sys_seg	The load-low segment (0x1000) (obsolete)
020E/2	2.00+	kernel_version	Pointer to kernel version string
0210/1	2.00+	type_of_loader	Boot loader identifier
0211/1	2.00+	loadflags	Boot protocol option flags
0212/2	2.00+	setup_move_size	Move to high memory size (used with hooks)
0214/4	2.00+	code32_start	Boot loader hook (see below)
0218/4	2.00+	ramdisk_image	initrd load address (set by boot loader)
021C/4	2.00+	ramdisk_size	initrd size (set by boot loader)
0220/4	2.00+	bootsect_kludge	DO NOT USE - for bootsect.S use only
0224/2	2.01+	heap_end_ptr	Free memory after setup end
0226/1	2.02+(3 ext_loader_ver	Extended boot loader version
0227/1	2.02+(3	ext_loader_type	Extended boot loader ID
0228/4	2.02+	cmd_line_ptr	32-bit pointer to the kernel command line
022C/4	2.03+	ramdisk_max	Highest legal initrd address
0230/4	2.05+	kernel_alignment Physical addr alignment required for kernel
0234/1	2.05+	relocatable_kernel Whether kernel is relocatable or not
0235/1	2.10+	min_alignment	Minimum alignment, as a power of two
0236/2	2.12+	xloadflags	Boot protocol option flags
0238/4	2.06+	cmdline_size	Maximum size of the kernel command line
023C/4	2.07+	hardware_subarch Hardware subarchitecture
0240/8	2.07+	hardware_subarch_data Subarchitecture-specific data
0248/4	2.08+	payload_offset	Offset of kernel payload
024C/4	2.08+	payload_length	Length of kernel payload
0250/8	2.09+	setup_data	64-bit physical pointer to linked list
				of struct setup_data
0258/8	2.10+	pref_address	Preferred loading address
0260/4	2.10+	init_size	Linear memory required during initialization
0264/4	2.11+	handover_offset	Offset of handover entry point

(1) For backwards compatibility, if the setup_sects field contains 0, the
    real value is 4.

(2) For boot protocol prior to 2.04, the upper two bytes of the syssize
    field are unusable, which means the size of a bzImage kernel
    cannot be determined.

(3) Ignored, but safe to set, for boot protocols 2.02-2.09.

If the "HdrS" (0x53726448) magic number is not found at offset 0x202,
the boot protocol version is "old".  Loading an old kernel, the
following parameters should be assumed:

	Image type = zImage
	initrd not supported
	Real-mode kernel must be located at 0x90000.

Otherwise, the "version" field contains the protocol version,
e.g. protocol version 2.01 will contain 0x0201 in this field.  When
setting fields in the header, you must make sure only to set fields
supported by the protocol version in use.


**** DETAILS OF HEADER FIELDS

For each field, some are information from the kernel to the bootloader
("read"), some are expected to be filled out by the bootloader
("write"), and some are expected to be read and modified by the
bootloader ("modify").

All general purpose boot loaders should write the fields marked
(obligatory).  Boot loaders who want to load the kernel at a
nonstandard address should fill in the fields marked (reloc); other
boot loaders can ignore those fields.

The byte order of all fields is littleendian (this is x86, after all.)

Field name:	setup_sects
Type:		read
Offset/size:	0x1f1/1
Protocol:	ALL

  The size of the setup code in 512-byte sectors.  If this field is
  0, the real value is 4.  The real-mode code consists of the boot
  sector (always one 512-byte sector) plus the setup code.

Field name:	 root_flags
Type:		 modify (optional)
Offset/size:	 0x1f2/2
Protocol:	 ALL

  If this field is nonzero, the root defaults to readonly.  The use of
  this field is deprecated; use the "ro" or "rw" options on the
  command line instead.

Field name:	syssize
Type:		read
Offset/size:	0x1f4/4 (protocol 2.04+) 0x1f4/2 (protocol ALL)
Protocol:	2.04+

  The size of the protected-mode code in units of 16-byte paragraphs.
  For protocol versions older than 2.04 this field is only two bytes
  wide, and therefore cannot be trusted for the size of a kernel if
  the LOAD_HIGH flag is set.

Field name:	ram_size
Type:		kernel internal
Offset/size:	0x1f8/2
Protocol:	ALL

  This field is obsolete.

Field name:	vid_mode
Type:		modify (obligatory)
Offset/size:	0x1fa/2

  Please see the section on SPECIAL COMMAND LINE OPTIONS.

Field name:	root_dev
Type:		modify (optional)
Offset/size:	0x1fc/2
Protocol:	ALL

  The default root device device number.  The use of this field is
  deprecated, use the "root=" option on the command line instead.

Field name:	boot_flag
Type:		read
Offset/size:	0x1fe/2
Protocol:	ALL

  Contains 0xAA55.  This is the closest thing old Linux kernels have
  to a magic number.

Field name:	jump
Type:		read
Offset/size:	0x200/2
Protocol:	2.00+

  Contains an x86 jump instruction, 0xEB followed by a signed offset
  relative to byte 0x202.  This can be used to determine the size of
  the header.

Field name:	header
Type:		read
Offset/size:	0x202/4
Protocol:	2.00+

  Contains the magic number "HdrS" (0x53726448).

Field name:	version
Type:		read
Offset/size:	0x206/2
Protocol:	2.00+

  Contains the boot protocol version, in (major << 8)+minor format,
  e.g. 0x0204 for version 2.04, and 0x0a11 for a hypothetical version
  10.17.

Field name:	realmode_swtch
Type:		modify (optional)
Offset/size:	0x208/4
Protocol:	2.00+

  Boot loader hook (see ADVANCED BOOT LOADER HOOKS below.)

Field name:	start_sys_seg
Type:		read
Offset/size:	0x20c/2
Protocol:	2.00+

  The load low segment (0x1000).  Obsolete.

Field name:	kernel_version
Type:		read
Offset/size:	0x20e/2
Protocol:	2.00+

  If set to a nonzero value, contains a pointer to a NUL-terminated
  human-readable kernel version number string, less 0x200.  This can
  be used to display the kernel version to the user.  This value
  should be less than (0x200*setup_sects).

  For example, if this value is set to 0x1c00, the kernel version
  number string can be found at offset 0x1e00 in the kernel file.
  This is a valid value if and only if the "setup_sects" field
  contains the value 15 or higher, as:

	0x1c00  < 15*0x200 (= 0x1e00) but
	0x1c00 >= 14*0x200 (= 0x1c00)

	0x1c00 >> 9 = 14, so the minimum value for setup_secs is 15.

Field name:	type_of_loader
Type:		write (obligatory)
Offset/size:	0x210/1
Protocol:	2.00+

  If your boot loader has an assigned id (see table below), enter
  0xTV here, where T is an identifier for the boot loader and V is
  a version number.  Otherwise, enter 0xFF here.

  For boot loader IDs above T = 0xD, write T = 0xE to this field and
  write the extended ID minus 0x10 to the ext_loader_type field.
  Similarly, the ext_loader_ver field can be used to provide more than
  four bits for the bootloader version.

  For example, for T = 0x15, V = 0x234, write:

  type_of_loader  <- 0xE4
  ext_loader_type <- 0x05
  ext_loader_ver  <- 0x23

  Assigned boot loader ids (hexadecimal):

	0  LILO			(0x00 reserved for pre-2.00 bootloader)
	1  Loadlin
	2  bootsect-loader	(0x20, all other values reserved)
	3  Syslinux
	4  Etherboot/gPXE/iPXE
	5  ELILO
	7  GRUB
	8  U-Boot
	9  Xen
	A  Gujin
	B  Qemu
	C  Arcturus Networks uCbootloader
	D  kexec-tools
	E  Extended		(see ext_loader_type)
	F  Special		(0xFF = undefined)
       10  Reserved
       11  Minimal Linux Bootloader <http://sebastian-plotz.blogspot.de>
       12  OVMF UEFI virtualization stack

  Please contact <hpa@zytor.com> if you need a bootloader ID
  value assigned.

Field name:	loadflags
Type:		modify (obligatory)
Offset/size:	0x211/1
Protocol:	2.00+

  This field is a bitmask.

  Bit 0 (read):	LOADED_HIGH
	- If 0, the protected-mode code is loaded at 0x10000.
	- If 1, the protected-mode code is loaded at 0x100000.

  Bit 5 (write): QUIET_FLAG
	- If 0, print early messages.
	- If 1, suppress early messages.
		This requests to the kernel (decompressor and early
		kernel) to not write early messages that require
		accessing the display hardware directly.

  Bit 6 (write): KEEP_SEGMENTS
	Protocol: 2.07+
	- If 0, reload the segment registers in the 32bit entry point.
	- If 1, do not reload the segment registers in the 32bit entry point.
		Assume that %cs %ds %ss %es are all set to flat segments with
		a base of 0 (or the equivalent for their environment).

  Bit 7 (write): CAN_USE_HEAP
	Set this bit to 1 to indicate that the value entered in the
	heap_end_ptr is valid.  If this field is clear, some setup code
	functionality will be disabled.

Field name:	setup_move_size
Type:		modify (obligatory)
Offset/size:	0x212/2
Protocol:	2.00-2.01

  When using protocol 2.00 or 2.01, if the real mode kernel is not
  loaded at 0x90000, it gets moved there later in the loading
  sequence.  Fill in this field if you want additional data (such as
  the kernel command line) moved in addition to the real-mode kernel
  itself.

  The unit is bytes starting with the beginning of the boot sector.
  
  This field is can be ignored when the protocol is 2.02 or higher, or
  if the real-mode code is loaded at 0x90000.

Field name:	code32_start
Type:		modify (optional, reloc)
Offset/size:	0x214/4
Protocol:	2.00+

  The address to jump to in protected mode.  This defaults to the load
  address of the kernel, and can be used by the boot loader to
  determine the proper load address.

  This field can be modified for two purposes:

  1. as a boot loader hook (see ADVANCED BOOT LOADER HOOKS below.)

  2. if a bootloader which does not install a hook loads a
     relocatable kernel at a nonstandard address it will have to modify
     this field to point to the load address.

Field name:	ramdisk_image
Type:		write (obligatory)
Offset/size:	0x218/4
Protocol:	2.00+

  The 32-bit linear address of the initial ramdisk or ramfs.  Leave at
  zero if there is no initial ramdisk/ramfs.

Field name:	ramdisk_size
Type:		write (obligatory)
Offset/size:	0x21c/4
Protocol:	2.00+

  Size of the initial ramdisk or ramfs.  Leave at zero if there is no
  initial ramdisk/ramfs.

Field name:	bootsect_kludge
Type:		kernel internal
Offset/size:	0x220/4
Protocol:	2.00+

  This field is obsolete.

Field name:	heap_end_ptr
Type:		write (obligatory)
Offset/size:	0x224/2
Protocol:	2.01+

  Set this field to the offset (from the beginning of the real-mode
  code) of the end of the setup stack/heap, minus 0x0200.

Field name:	ext_loader_ver
Type:		write (optional)
Offset/size:	0x226/1
Protocol:	2.02+

  This field is used as an extension of the version number in the
  type_of_loader field.  The total version number is considered to be
  (type_of_loader & 0x0f) + (ext_loader_ver << 4).

  The use of this field is boot loader specific.  If not written, it
  is zero.

  Kernels prior to 2.6.31 did not recognize this field, but it is safe
  to write for protocol version 2.02 or higher.

Field name:	ext_loader_type
Type:		write (obligatory if (type_of_loader & 0xf0) == 0xe0)
Offset/size:	0x227/1
Protocol:	2.02+

  This field is used as an extension of the type number in
  type_of_loader field.  If the type in type_of_loader is 0xE, then
  the actual type is (ext_loader_type + 0x10).

  This field is ignored if the type in type_of_loader is not 0xE.

  Kernels prior to 2.6.31 did not recognize this field, but it is safe
  to write for protocol version 2.02 or higher.

Field name:	cmd_line_ptr
Type:		write (obligatory)
Offset/size:	0x228/4
Protocol:	2.02+

  Set this field to the linear address of the kernel command line.
  The kernel command line can be located anywhere between the end of
  the setup heap and 0xA0000; it does not have to be located in the
  same 64K segment as the real-mode code itself.

  Fill in this field even if your boot loader does not support a
  command line, in which case you can point this to an empty string
  (or better yet, to the string "auto".)  If this field is left at
  zero, the kernel will assume that your boot loader does not support
  the 2.02+ protocol.

Field name:	ramdisk_max
Type:		read
Offset/size:	0x22c/4
Protocol:	2.03+

  The maximum address that may be occupied by the initial
  ramdisk/ramfs contents.  For boot protocols 2.02 or earlier, this
  field is not present, and the maximum address is 0x37FFFFFF.  (This
  address is defined as the address of the highest safe byte, so if
  your ramdisk is exactly 131072 bytes long and this field is
  0x37FFFFFF, you can start your ramdisk at 0x37FE0000.)

Field name:	kernel_alignment
Type:		read/modify (reloc)
Offset/size:	0x230/4
Protocol:	2.05+ (read), 2.10+ (modify)

  Alignment unit required by the kernel (if relocatable_kernel is
  true.)  A relocatable kernel that is loaded at an alignment
  incompatible with the value in this field will be realigned during
  kernel initialization.

  Starting with protocol version 2.10, this reflects the kernel
  alignment preferred for optimal performance; it is possible for the
  loader to modify this field to permit a lesser alignment.  See the
  min_alignment and pref_address field below.

Field name:	relocatable_kernel
Type:		read (reloc)
Offset/size:	0x234/1
Protocol:	2.05+

  If this field is nonzero, the protected-mode part of the kernel can
  be loaded at any address that satisfies the kernel_alignment field.
  After loading, the boot loader must set the code32_start field to
  point to the loaded code, or to a boot loader hook.

Field name:	min_alignment
Type:		read (reloc)
Offset/size:	0x235/1
Protocol:	2.10+

  This field, if nonzero, indicates as a power of two the minimum
  alignment required, as opposed to preferred, by the kernel to boot.
  If a boot loader makes use of this field, it should update the
  kernel_alignment field with the alignment unit desired; typically:

	kernel_alignment = 1 << min_alignment

  There may be a considerable performance cost with an excessively
  misaligned kernel.  Therefore, a loader should typically try each
  power-of-two alignment from kernel_alignment down to this alignment.

Field name:     xloadflags
Type:           read
Offset/size:    0x236/2
Protocol:       2.12+

  This field is a bitmask.

  Bit 0 (read):	XLF_KERNEL_64
	- If 1, this kernel has the legacy 64-bit entry point at 0x200.

  Bit 1 (read): XLF_CAN_BE_LOADED_ABOVE_4G
        - If 1, kernel/boot_params/cmdline/ramdisk can be above 4G.

  Bit 2 (read):	XLF_EFI_HANDOVER_32
	- If 1, the kernel supports the 32-bit EFI handoff entry point
          given at handover_offset.

  Bit 3 (read): XLF_EFI_HANDOVER_64
	- If 1, the kernel supports the 64-bit EFI handoff entry point
          given at handover_offset + 0x200.

Field name:	cmdline_size
Type:		read
Offset/size:	0x238/4
Protocol:	2.06+

  The maximum size of the command line without the terminating
  zero. This means that the command line can contain at most
  cmdline_size characters. With protocol version 2.05 and earlier, the
  maximum size was 255.

Field name:	hardware_subarch
Type:		write (optional, defaults to x86/PC)
Offset/size:	0x23c/4
Protocol:	2.07+

  In a paravirtualized environment the hardware low level architectural
  pieces such as interrupt handling, page table handling, and
  accessing process control registers needs to be done differently.

  This field allows the bootloader to inform the kernel we are in one
  one of those environments.

  0x00000000	The default x86/PC environment
  0x00000001	lguest
  0x00000002	Xen
  0x00000003	Moorestown MID
  0x00000004	CE4100 TV Platform

Field name:	hardware_subarch_data
Type:		write (subarch-dependent)
Offset/size:	0x240/8
Protocol:	2.07+

  A pointer to data that is specific to hardware subarch
  This field is currently unused for the default x86/PC environment,
  do not modify.

Field name:	payload_offset
Type:		read
Offset/size:	0x248/4
Protocol:	2.08+

  If non-zero then this field contains the offset from the beginning
  of the protected-mode code to the payload.

  The payload may be compressed. The format of both the compressed and
  uncompressed data should be determined using the standard magic
  numbers.  The currently supported compression formats are gzip
  (magic numbers 1F 8B or 1F 9E), bzip2 (magic number 42 5A), LZMA
  (magic number 5D 00), and XZ (magic number FD 37).  The uncompressed
  payload is currently always ELF (magic number 7F 45 4C 46).
  
Field name:	payload_length
Type:		read
Offset/size:	0x24c/4
Protocol:	2.08+

  The length of the payload.

Field name:	setup_data
Type:		write (special)
Offset/size:	0x250/8
Protocol:	2.09+

  The 64-bit physical pointer to NULL terminated single linked list of
  struct setup_data. This is used to define a more extensible boot
  parameters passing mechanism. The definition of struct setup_data is
  as follow:

  struct setup_data {
	  u64 next;
	  u32 type;
	  u32 len;
	  u8  data[0];
  };

  Where, the next is a 64-bit physical pointer to the next node of
  linked list, the next field of the last node is 0; the type is used
  to identify the contents of data; the len is the length of data
  field; the data holds the real payload.

  This list may be modified at a number of points during the bootup
  process.  Therefore, when modifying this list one should always make
  sure to consider the case where the linked list already contains
  entries.

Field name:	pref_address
Type:		read (reloc)
Offset/size:	0x258/8
Protocol:	2.10+

  This field, if nonzero, represents a preferred load address for the
  kernel.  A relocating bootloader should attempt to load at this
  address if possible.

  A non-relocatable kernel will unconditionally move itself and to run
  at this address.

Field name:	init_size
Type:		read
Offset/size:	0x260/4

  This field indicates the amount of linear contiguous memory starting
  at the kernel runtime start address that the kernel needs before it
  is capable of examining its memory map.  This is not the same thing
  as the total amount of memory the kernel needs to boot, but it can
  be used by a relocating boot loader to help select a safe load
  address for the kernel.

  The kernel runtime start address is determined by the following algorithm:

  if (relocatable_kernel)
	runtime_start = align_up(load_address, kernel_alignment)
  else
	runtime_start = pref_address

Field name:	handover_offset
Type:		read
Offset/size:	0x264/4

  This field is the offset from the beginning of the kernel image to
  the EFI handover protocol entry point. Boot loaders using the EFI
  handover protocol to boot the kernel should jump to this offset.

  See EFI HANDOVER PROTOCOL below for more details.


**** THE IMAGE CHECKSUM

From boot protocol version 2.08 onwards the CRC-32 is calculated over
the entire file using the characteristic polynomial 0x04C11DB7 and an
initial remainder of 0xffffffff.  The checksum is appended to the
file; therefore the CRC of the file up to the limit specified in the
syssize field of the header is always 0.


**** THE KERNEL COMMAND LINE

The kernel command line has become an important way for the boot
loader to communicate with the kernel.  Some of its options are also
relevant to the boot loader itself, see "special command line options"
below.

The kernel command line is a null-terminated string. The maximum
length can be retrieved from the field cmdline_size.  Before protocol
version 2.06, the maximum was 255 characters.  A string that is too
long will be automatically truncated by the kernel.

If the boot protocol version is 2.02 or later, the address of the
kernel command line is given by the header field cmd_line_ptr (see
above.)  This address can be anywhere between the end of the setup
heap and 0xA0000.

If the protocol version is *not* 2.02 or higher, the kernel
command line is entered using the following protocol:

	At offset 0x0020 (word), "cmd_line_magic", enter the magic
	number 0xA33F.

	At offset 0x0022 (word), "cmd_line_offset", enter the offset
	of the kernel command line (relative to the start of the
	real-mode kernel).
	
	The kernel command line *must* be within the memory region
	covered by setup_move_size, so you may need to adjust this
	field.


**** MEMORY LAYOUT OF THE REAL-MODE CODE

The real-mode code requires a stack/heap to be set up, as well as
memory allocated for the kernel command line.  This needs to be done
in the real-mode accessible memory in bottom megabyte.

It should be noted that modern machines often have a sizable Extended
BIOS Data Area (EBDA).  As a result, it is advisable to use as little
of the low megabyte as possible.

Unfortunately, under the following circumstances the 0x90000 memory
segment has to be used:

	- When loading a zImage kernel ((loadflags & 0x01) == 0).
	- When loading a 2.01 or earlier boot protocol kernel.

	  -> For the 2.00 and 2.01 boot protocols, the real-mode code
	     can be loaded at another address, but it is internally
	     relocated to 0x90000.  For the "old" protocol, the
	     real-mode code must be loaded at 0x90000.

When loading at 0x90000, avoid using memory above 0x9a000.

For boot protocol 2.02 or higher, the command line does not have to be
located in the same 64K segment as the real-mode setup code; it is
thus permitted to give the stack/heap the full 64K segment and locate
the command line above it.

The kernel command line should not be located below the real-mode
code, nor should it be located in high memory.


**** SAMPLE BOOT CONFIGURATION

As a sample configuration, assume the following layout of the real
mode segment:

    When loading below 0x90000, use the entire segment:

	0x0000-0x7fff	Real mode kernel
	0x8000-0xdfff	Stack and heap
	0xe000-0xffff	Kernel command line

    When loading at 0x90000 OR the protocol version is 2.01 or earlier:

	0x0000-0x7fff	Real mode kernel
	0x8000-0x97ff	Stack and heap
	0x9800-0x9fff	Kernel command line

Such a boot loader should enter the following fields in the header:

	unsigned long base_ptr;	/* base address for real-mode segment */

	if ( setup_sects == 0 ) {
		setup_sects = 4;
	}

	if ( protocol >= 0x0200 ) {
		type_of_loader = <type code>;
		if ( loading_initrd ) {
			ramdisk_image = <initrd_address>;
			ramdisk_size = <initrd_size>;
		}

		if ( protocol >= 0x0202 && loadflags & 0x01 )
			heap_end = 0xe000;
		else
			heap_end = 0x9800;

		if ( protocol >= 0x0201 ) {
			heap_end_ptr = heap_end - 0x200;
			loadflags |= 0x80; /* CAN_USE_HEAP */
		}

		if ( protocol >= 0x0202 ) {
			cmd_line_ptr = base_ptr + heap_end;
			strcpy(cmd_line_ptr, cmdline);
		} else {
			cmd_line_magic	= 0xA33F;
			cmd_line_offset = heap_end;
			setup_move_size = heap_end + strlen(cmdline)+1;
			strcpy(base_ptr+cmd_line_offset, cmdline);
		}
	} else {
		/* Very old kernel */

		heap_end = 0x9800;

		cmd_line_magic	= 0xA33F;
		cmd_line_offset = heap_end;

		/* A very old kernel MUST have its real-mode code
		   loaded at 0x90000 */

		if ( base_ptr != 0x90000 ) {
			/* Copy the real-mode kernel */
			memcpy(0x90000, base_ptr, (setup_sects+1)*512);
			base_ptr = 0x90000;		 /* Relocated */
		}

		strcpy(0x90000+cmd_line_offset, cmdline);

		/* It is recommended to clear memory up to the 32K mark */
		memset(0x90000 + (setup_sects+1)*512, 0,
		       (64-(setup_sects+1))*512);
	}


**** LOADING THE REST OF THE KERNEL

The 32-bit (non-real-mode) kernel starts at offset (setup_sects+1)*512
in the kernel file (again, if setup_sects == 0 the real value is 4.)
It should be loaded at address 0x10000 for Image/zImage kernels and
0x100000 for bzImage kernels.

The kernel is a bzImage kernel if the protocol >= 2.00 and the 0x01
bit (LOAD_HIGH) in the loadflags field is set:

	is_bzImage = (protocol >= 0x0200) && (loadflags & 0x01);
	load_address = is_bzImage ? 0x100000 : 0x10000;

Note that Image/zImage kernels can be up to 512K in size, and thus use
the entire 0x10000-0x90000 range of memory.  This means it is pretty
much a requirement for these kernels to load the real-mode part at
0x90000.  bzImage kernels allow much more flexibility.


**** SPECIAL COMMAND LINE OPTIONS

If the command line provided by the boot loader is entered by the
user, the user may expect the following command line options to work.
They should normally not be deleted from the kernel command line even
though not all of them are actually meaningful to the kernel.  Boot
loader authors who need additional command line options for the boot
loader itself should get them registered in
Documentation/kernel-parameters.txt to make sure they will not
conflict with actual kernel options now or in the future.

  vga=<mode>
	<mode> here is either an integer (in C notation, either
	decimal, octal, or hexadecimal) or one of the strings
	"normal" (meaning 0xFFFF), "ext" (meaning 0xFFFE) or "ask"
	(meaning 0xFFFD).  This value should be entered into the
	vid_mode field, as it is used by the kernel before the command
	line is parsed.

  mem=<size>
	<size> is an integer in C notation optionally followed by
	(case insensitive) K, M, G, T, P or E (meaning << 10, << 20,
	<< 30, << 40, << 50 or << 60).  This specifies the end of
	memory to the kernel. This affects the possible placement of
	an initrd, since an initrd should be placed near end of
	memory.  Note that this is an option to *both* the kernel and
	the bootloader!

  initrd=<file>
	An initrd should be loaded.  The meaning of <file> is
	obviously bootloader-dependent, and some boot loaders
	(e.g. LILO) do not have such a command.

In addition, some boot loaders add the following options to the
user-specified command line:

  BOOT_IMAGE=<file>
	The boot image which was loaded.  Again, the meaning of <file>
	is obviously bootloader-dependent.

  auto
	The kernel was booted without explicit user intervention.

If these options are added by the boot loader, it is highly
recommended that they are located *first*, before the user-specified
or configuration-specified command line.  Otherwise, "init=/bin/sh"
gets confused by the "auto" option.


**** RUNNING THE KERNEL

The kernel is started by jumping to the kernel entry point, which is
located at *segment* offset 0x20 from the start of the real mode
kernel.  This means that if you loaded your real-mode kernel code at
0x90000, the kernel entry point is 9020:0000.

At entry, ds = es = ss should point to the start of the real-mode
kernel code (0x9000 if the code is loaded at 0x90000), sp should be
set up properly, normally pointing to the top of the heap, and
interrupts should be disabled.  Furthermore, to guard against bugs in
the kernel, it is recommended that the boot loader sets fs = gs = ds =
es = ss.

In our example from above, we would do:

	/* Note: in the case of the "old" kernel protocol, base_ptr must
	   be == 0x90000 at this point; see the previous sample code */

	seg = base_ptr >> 4;

	cli();	/* Enter with interrupts disabled! */

	/* Set up the real-mode kernel stack */
	_SS = seg;
	_SP = heap_end;

	_DS = _ES = _FS = _GS = seg;
	jmp_far(seg+0x20, 0);	/* Run the kernel */

If your boot sector accesses a floppy drive, it is recommended to
switch off the floppy motor before running the kernel, since the
kernel boot leaves interrupts off and thus the motor will not be
switched off, especially if the loaded kernel has the floppy driver as
a demand-loaded module!


**** ADVANCED BOOT LOADER HOOKS

If the boot loader runs in a particularly hostile environment (such as
LOADLIN, which runs under DOS) it may be impossible to follow the
standard memory location requirements.  Such a boot loader may use the
following hooks that, if set, are invoked by the kernel at the
appropriate time.  The use of these hooks should probably be
considered an absolutely last resort!

IMPORTANT: All the hooks are required to preserve %esp, %ebp, %esi and
%edi across invocation.

  realmode_swtch:
	A 16-bit real mode far subroutine invoked immediately before
	entering protected mode.  The default routine disables NMI, so
	your routine should probably do so, too.

  code32_start:
	A 32-bit flat-mode routine *jumped* to immediately after the
	transition to protected mode, but before the kernel is
	uncompressed.  No segments, except CS, are guaranteed to be
	set up (current kernels do, but older ones do not); you should
	set them up to BOOT_DS (0x18) yourself.

	After completing your hook, you should jump to the address
	that was in this field before your boot loader overwrote it
	(relocated, if appropriate.)


**** 32-bit BOOT PROTOCOL

For machine with some new BIOS other than legacy BIOS, such as EFI,
LinuxBIOS, etc, and kexec, the 16-bit real mode setup code in kernel
based on legacy BIOS can not be used, so a 32-bit boot protocol needs
to be defined.

In 32-bit boot protocol, the first step in loading a Linux kernel
should be to setup the boot parameters (struct boot_params,
traditionally known as "zero page"). The memory for struct boot_params
should be allocated and initialized to all zero. Then the setup header
from offset 0x01f1 of kernel image on should be loaded into struct
boot_params and examined. The end of setup header can be calculated as
follow:

	0x0202 + byte value at offset 0x0201

In addition to read/modify/write the setup header of the struct
boot_params as that of 16-bit boot protocol, the boot loader should
also fill the additional fields of the struct boot_params as that
described in zero-page.txt.

After setting up the struct boot_params, the boot loader can load the
32/64-bit kernel in the same way as that of 16-bit boot protocol.

In 32-bit boot protocol, the kernel is started by jumping to the
32-bit kernel entry point, which is the start address of loaded
32/64-bit kernel.

At entry, the CPU must be in 32-bit protected mode with paging
disabled; a GDT must be loaded with the descriptors for selectors
__BOOT_CS(0x10) and __BOOT_DS(0x18); both descriptors must be 4G flat
segment; __BOOT_CS must have execute/read permission, and __BOOT_DS
must have read/write permission; CS must be __BOOT_CS and DS, ES, SS
must be __BOOT_DS; interrupt must be disabled; %esi must hold the base
address of the struct boot_params; %ebp, %edi and %ebx must be zero.

**** 64-bit BOOT PROTOCOL

For machine with 64bit cpus and 64bit kernel, we could use 64bit bootloader
and we need a 64-bit boot protocol.

In 64-bit boot protocol, the first step in loading a Linux kernel
should be to setup the boot parameters (struct boot_params,
traditionally known as "zero page"). The memory for struct boot_params
could be allocated anywhere (even above 4G) and initialized to all zero.
Then, the setup header at offset 0x01f1 of kernel image on should be
loaded into struct boot_params and examined. The end of setup header
can be calculated as follows:

	0x0202 + byte value at offset 0x0201

In addition to read/modify/write the setup header of the struct
boot_params as that of 16-bit boot protocol, the boot loader should
also fill the additional fields of the struct boot_params as described
in zero-page.txt.

After setting up the struct boot_params, the boot loader can load
64-bit kernel in the same way as that of 16-bit boot protocol, but
kernel could be loaded above 4G.

In 64-bit boot protocol, the kernel is started by jumping to the
64-bit kernel entry point, which is the start address of loaded
64-bit kernel plus 0x200.

At entry, the CPU must be in 64-bit mode with paging enabled.
The range with setup_header.init_size from start address of loaded
kernel and zero page and command line buffer get ident mapping;
a GDT must be loaded with the descriptors for selectors
__BOOT_CS(0x10) and __BOOT_DS(0x18); both descriptors must be 4G flat
segment; __BOOT_CS must have execute/read permission, and __BOOT_DS
must have read/write permission; CS must be __BOOT_CS and DS, ES, SS
must be __BOOT_DS; interrupt must be disabled; %rsi must hold the base
address of the struct boot_params.

**** EFI HANDOVER PROTOCOL

This protocol allows boot loaders to defer initialisation to the EFI
boot stub. The boot loader is required to load the kernel/initrd(s)
from the boot media and jump to the EFI handover protocol entry point
which is hdr->handover_offset bytes from the beginning of
startup_{32,64}.

The function prototype for the handover entry point looks like this,

    efi_main(void *handle, efi_system_table_t *table, struct boot_params *bp)

'handle' is the EFI image handle passed to the boot loader by the EFI
firmware, 'table' is the EFI system table - these are the first two
arguments of the "handoff state" as described in section 2.3 of the
UEFI specification. 'bp' is the boot loader-allocated boot params.

The boot loader *must* fill out the following fields in bp,

    o hdr.code32_start
    o hdr.cmd_line_ptr
    o hdr.cmdline_size
    o hdr.ramdisk_image (if applicable)
    o hdr.ramdisk_size  (if applicable)

All other fields should be zero.