summaryrefslogtreecommitdiff
path: root/drivers/misc/echo/echo.c
blob: 8a5adc0d2e8873f1094c653d01bb12f610c41bab (plain)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
/*
 * SpanDSP - a series of DSP components for telephony
 *
 * echo.c - A line echo canceller.  This code is being developed
 *          against and partially complies with G168.
 *
 * Written by Steve Underwood <steveu@coppice.org>
 *         and David Rowe <david_at_rowetel_dot_com>
 *
 * Copyright (C) 2001, 2003 Steve Underwood, 2007 David Rowe
 *
 * Based on a bit from here, a bit from there, eye of toad, ear of
 * bat, 15 years of failed attempts by David and a few fried brain
 * cells.
 *
 * All rights reserved.
 *
 * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
 * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2, as
 * published by the Free Software Foundation.
 *
 * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 * GNU General Public License for more details.
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
 * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
 * Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
 */

/*! \file */

/* Implementation Notes
   David Rowe
   April 2007

   This code started life as Steve's NLMS algorithm with a tap
   rotation algorithm to handle divergence during double talk.  I
   added a Geigel Double Talk Detector (DTD) [2] and performed some
   G168 tests.  However I had trouble meeting the G168 requirements,
   especially for double talk - there were always cases where my DTD
   failed, for example where near end speech was under the 6dB
   threshold required for declaring double talk.

   So I tried a two path algorithm [1], which has so far given better
   results.  The original tap rotation/Geigel algorithm is available
   in SVN http://svn.rowetel.com/software/oslec/tags/before_16bit.
   It's probably possible to make it work if some one wants to put some
   serious work into it.

   At present no special treatment is provided for tones, which
   generally cause NLMS algorithms to diverge.  Initial runs of a
   subset of the G168 tests for tones (e.g ./echo_test 6) show the
   current algorithm is passing OK, which is kind of surprising.  The
   full set of tests needs to be performed to confirm this result.

   One other interesting change is that I have managed to get the NLMS
   code to work with 16 bit coefficients, rather than the original 32
   bit coefficents.  This reduces the MIPs and storage required.
   I evaulated the 16 bit port using g168_tests.sh and listening tests
   on 4 real-world samples.

   I also attempted the implementation of a block based NLMS update
   [2] but although this passes g168_tests.sh it didn't converge well
   on the real-world samples.  I have no idea why, perhaps a scaling
   problem.  The block based code is also available in SVN
   http://svn.rowetel.com/software/oslec/tags/before_16bit.  If this
   code can be debugged, it will lead to further reduction in MIPS, as
   the block update code maps nicely onto DSP instruction sets (it's a
   dot product) compared to the current sample-by-sample update.

   Steve also has some nice notes on echo cancellers in echo.h

   References:

   [1] Ochiai, Areseki, and Ogihara, "Echo Canceller with Two Echo
       Path Models", IEEE Transactions on communications, COM-25,
       No. 6, June
       1977.
       http://www.rowetel.com/images/echo/dual_path_paper.pdf

   [2] The classic, very useful paper that tells you how to
       actually build a real world echo canceller:
	 Messerschmitt, Hedberg, Cole, Haoui, Winship, "Digital Voice
	 Echo Canceller with a TMS320020,
	 http://www.rowetel.com/images/echo/spra129.pdf

   [3] I have written a series of blog posts on this work, here is
       Part 1: http://www.rowetel.com/blog/?p=18

   [4] The source code http://svn.rowetel.com/software/oslec/

   [5] A nice reference on LMS filters:
	 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Least_mean_squares_filter

   Credits:

   Thanks to Steve Underwood, Jean-Marc Valin, and Ramakrishnan
   Muthukrishnan for their suggestions and email discussions.  Thanks
   also to those people who collected echo samples for me such as
   Mark, Pawel, and Pavel.
*/

#include <linux/kernel.h>
#include <linux/module.h>
#include <linux/slab.h>

#include "echo.h"

#define MIN_TX_POWER_FOR_ADAPTION	64
#define MIN_RX_POWER_FOR_ADAPTION	64
#define DTD_HANGOVER			600	/* 600 samples, or 75ms     */
#define DC_LOG2BETA			3	/* log2() of DC filter Beta */

/* adapting coeffs using the traditional stochastic descent (N)LMS algorithm */

static inline void lms_adapt_bg(struct oslec_state *ec, int clean, int shift)
{
	int i;

	int offset1;
	int offset2;
	int factor;
	int exp;

	if (shift > 0)
		factor = clean << shift;
	else
		factor = clean >> -shift;

	/* Update the FIR taps */

	offset2 = ec->curr_pos;
	offset1 = ec->taps - offset2;

	for (i = ec->taps - 1; i >= offset1; i--) {
		exp = (ec->fir_state_bg.history[i - offset1] * factor);
		ec->fir_taps16[1][i] += (int16_t) ((exp + (1 << 14)) >> 15);
	}
	for (; i >= 0; i--) {
		exp = (ec->fir_state_bg.history[i + offset2] * factor);
		ec->fir_taps16[1][i] += (int16_t) ((exp + (1 << 14)) >> 15);
	}
}

static inline int top_bit(unsigned int bits)
{
	if (bits == 0)
		return -1;
	else
		return (int)fls((int32_t) bits) - 1;
}

struct oslec_state *oslec_create(int len, int adaption_mode)
{
	struct oslec_state *ec;
	int i;
	const int16_t *history;

	ec = kzalloc(sizeof(*ec), GFP_KERNEL);
	if (!ec)
		return NULL;

	ec->taps = len;
	ec->log2taps = top_bit(len);
	ec->curr_pos = ec->taps - 1;

	ec->fir_taps16[0] =
	    kcalloc(ec->taps, sizeof(int16_t), GFP_KERNEL);
	if (!ec->fir_taps16[0])
		goto error_oom_0;

	ec->fir_taps16[1] =
	    kcalloc(ec->taps, sizeof(int16_t), GFP_KERNEL);
	if (!ec->fir_taps16[1])
		goto error_oom_1;

	history = fir16_create(&ec->fir_state, ec->fir_taps16[0], ec->taps);
	if (!history)
		goto error_state;
	history = fir16_create(&ec->fir_state_bg, ec->fir_taps16[1], ec->taps);
	if (!history)
		goto error_state_bg;

	for (i = 0; i < 5; i++)
		ec->xvtx[i] = ec->yvtx[i] = ec->xvrx[i] = ec->yvrx[i] = 0;

	ec->cng_level = 1000;
	oslec_adaption_mode(ec, adaption_mode);

	ec->snapshot = kcalloc(ec->taps, sizeof(int16_t), GFP_KERNEL);
	if (!ec->snapshot)
		goto error_snap;

	ec->cond_met = 0;
	ec->pstates = 0;
	ec->ltxacc = ec->lrxacc = ec->lcleanacc = ec->lclean_bgacc = 0;
	ec->ltx = ec->lrx = ec->lclean = ec->lclean_bg = 0;
	ec->tx_1 = ec->tx_2 = ec->rx_1 = ec->rx_2 = 0;
	ec->lbgn = ec->lbgn_acc = 0;
	ec->lbgn_upper = 200;
	ec->lbgn_upper_acc = ec->lbgn_upper << 13;

	return ec;

error_snap:
	fir16_free(&ec->fir_state_bg);
error_state_bg:
	fir16_free(&ec->fir_state);
error_state:
	kfree(ec->fir_taps16[1]);
error_oom_1:
	kfree(ec->fir_taps16[0]);
error_oom_0:
	kfree(ec);
	return NULL;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(oslec_create);

void oslec_free(struct oslec_state *ec)
{
	int i;

	fir16_free(&ec->fir_state);
	fir16_free(&ec->fir_state_bg);
	for (i = 0; i < 2; i++)
		kfree(ec->fir_taps16[i]);
	kfree(ec->snapshot);
	kfree(ec);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(oslec_free);

void oslec_adaption_mode(struct oslec_state *ec, int adaption_mode)
{
	ec->adaption_mode = adaption_mode;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(oslec_adaption_mode);

void oslec_flush(struct oslec_state *ec)
{
	int i;

	ec->ltxacc = ec->lrxacc = ec->lcleanacc = ec->lclean_bgacc = 0;
	ec->ltx = ec->lrx = ec->lclean = ec->lclean_bg = 0;
	ec->tx_1 = ec->tx_2 = ec->rx_1 = ec->rx_2 = 0;

	ec->lbgn = ec->lbgn_acc = 0;
	ec->lbgn_upper = 200;
	ec->lbgn_upper_acc = ec->lbgn_upper << 13;

	ec->nonupdate_dwell = 0;

	fir16_flush(&ec->fir_state);
	fir16_flush(&ec->fir_state_bg);
	ec->fir_state.curr_pos = ec->taps - 1;
	ec->fir_state_bg.curr_pos = ec->taps - 1;
	for (i = 0; i < 2; i++)
		memset(ec->fir_taps16[i], 0, ec->taps * sizeof(int16_t));

	ec->curr_pos = ec->taps - 1;
	ec->pstates = 0;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(oslec_flush);

void oslec_snapshot(struct oslec_state *ec)
{
	memcpy(ec->snapshot, ec->fir_taps16[0], ec->taps * sizeof(int16_t));
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(oslec_snapshot);

/* Dual Path Echo Canceller */

int16_t oslec_update(struct oslec_state *ec, int16_t tx, int16_t rx)
{
	int32_t echo_value;
	int clean_bg;
	int tmp;
	int tmp1;

	/*
	 * Input scaling was found be required to prevent problems when tx
	 * starts clipping.  Another possible way to handle this would be the
	 * filter coefficent scaling.
	 */

	ec->tx = tx;
	ec->rx = rx;
	tx >>= 1;
	rx >>= 1;

	/*
	 * Filter DC, 3dB point is 160Hz (I think), note 32 bit precision
	 * required otherwise values do not track down to 0. Zero at DC, Pole
	 * at (1-Beta) on real axis.  Some chip sets (like Si labs) don't
	 * need this, but something like a $10 X100P card does.  Any DC really
	 * slows down convergence.
	 *
	 * Note: removes some low frequency from the signal, this reduces the
	 * speech quality when listening to samples through headphones but may
	 * not be obvious through a telephone handset.
	 *
	 * Note that the 3dB frequency in radians is approx Beta, e.g. for Beta
	 * = 2^(-3) = 0.125, 3dB freq is 0.125 rads = 159Hz.
	 */

	if (ec->adaption_mode & ECHO_CAN_USE_RX_HPF) {
		tmp = rx << 15;

		/*
		 * Make sure the gain of the HPF is 1.0. This can still
		 * saturate a little under impulse conditions, and it might
		 * roll to 32768 and need clipping on sustained peak level
		 * signals. However, the scale of such clipping is small, and
		 * the error due to any saturation should not markedly affect
		 * the downstream processing.
		 */
		tmp -= (tmp >> 4);

		ec->rx_1 += -(ec->rx_1 >> DC_LOG2BETA) + tmp - ec->rx_2;

		/*
		 * hard limit filter to prevent clipping.  Note that at this
		 * stage rx should be limited to +/- 16383 due to right shift
		 * above
		 */
		tmp1 = ec->rx_1 >> 15;
		if (tmp1 > 16383)
			tmp1 = 16383;
		if (tmp1 < -16383)
			tmp1 = -16383;
		rx = tmp1;
		ec->rx_2 = tmp;
	}

	/* Block average of power in the filter states.  Used for
	   adaption power calculation. */

	{
		int new, old;

		/* efficient "out with the old and in with the new" algorithm so
		   we don't have to recalculate over the whole block of
		   samples. */
		new = (int)tx * (int)tx;
		old = (int)ec->fir_state.history[ec->fir_state.curr_pos] *
		    (int)ec->fir_state.history[ec->fir_state.curr_pos];
		ec->pstates +=
		    ((new - old) + (1 << (ec->log2taps - 1))) >> ec->log2taps;
		if (ec->pstates < 0)
			ec->pstates = 0;
	}

	/* Calculate short term average levels using simple single pole IIRs */

	ec->ltxacc += abs(tx) - ec->ltx;
	ec->ltx = (ec->ltxacc + (1 << 4)) >> 5;
	ec->lrxacc += abs(rx) - ec->lrx;
	ec->lrx = (ec->lrxacc + (1 << 4)) >> 5;

	/* Foreground filter */

	ec->fir_state.coeffs = ec->fir_taps16[0];
	echo_value = fir16(&ec->fir_state, tx);
	ec->clean = rx - echo_value;
	ec->lcleanacc += abs(ec->clean) - ec->lclean;
	ec->lclean = (ec->lcleanacc + (1 << 4)) >> 5;

	/* Background filter */

	echo_value = fir16(&ec->fir_state_bg, tx);
	clean_bg = rx - echo_value;
	ec->lclean_bgacc += abs(clean_bg) - ec->lclean_bg;
	ec->lclean_bg = (ec->lclean_bgacc + (1 << 4)) >> 5;

	/* Background Filter adaption */

	/* Almost always adap bg filter, just simple DT and energy
	   detection to minimise adaption in cases of strong double talk.
	   However this is not critical for the dual path algorithm.
	 */
	ec->factor = 0;
	ec->shift = 0;
	if ((ec->nonupdate_dwell == 0)) {
		int p, logp, shift;

		/* Determine:

		   f = Beta * clean_bg_rx/P ------ (1)

		   where P is the total power in the filter states.

		   The Boffins have shown that if we obey (1) we converge
		   quickly and avoid instability.

		   The correct factor f must be in Q30, as this is the fixed
		   point format required by the lms_adapt_bg() function,
		   therefore the scaled version of (1) is:

		   (2^30) * f  = (2^30) * Beta * clean_bg_rx/P
		   factor      = (2^30) * Beta * clean_bg_rx/P     ----- (2)

		   We have chosen Beta = 0.25 by experiment, so:

		   factor      = (2^30) * (2^-2) * clean_bg_rx/P

		   (30 - 2 - log2(P))
		   factor      = clean_bg_rx 2                     ----- (3)

		   To avoid a divide we approximate log2(P) as top_bit(P),
		   which returns the position of the highest non-zero bit in
		   P.  This approximation introduces an error as large as a
		   factor of 2, but the algorithm seems to handle it OK.

		   Come to think of it a divide may not be a big deal on a
		   modern DSP, so its probably worth checking out the cycles
		   for a divide versus a top_bit() implementation.
		 */

		p = MIN_TX_POWER_FOR_ADAPTION + ec->pstates;
		logp = top_bit(p) + ec->log2taps;
		shift = 30 - 2 - logp;
		ec->shift = shift;

		lms_adapt_bg(ec, clean_bg, shift);
	}

	/* very simple DTD to make sure we dont try and adapt with strong
	   near end speech */

	ec->adapt = 0;
	if ((ec->lrx > MIN_RX_POWER_FOR_ADAPTION) && (ec->lrx > ec->ltx))
		ec->nonupdate_dwell = DTD_HANGOVER;
	if (ec->nonupdate_dwell)
		ec->nonupdate_dwell--;

	/* Transfer logic */

	/* These conditions are from the dual path paper [1], I messed with
	   them a bit to improve performance. */

	if ((ec->adaption_mode & ECHO_CAN_USE_ADAPTION) &&
	    (ec->nonupdate_dwell == 0) &&
	    /* (ec->Lclean_bg < 0.875*ec->Lclean) */
	    (8 * ec->lclean_bg < 7 * ec->lclean) &&
	    /* (ec->Lclean_bg < 0.125*ec->Ltx) */
	    (8 * ec->lclean_bg < ec->ltx)) {
		if (ec->cond_met == 6) {
			/*
			 * BG filter has had better results for 6 consecutive
			 * samples
			 */
			ec->adapt = 1;
			memcpy(ec->fir_taps16[0], ec->fir_taps16[1],
			       ec->taps * sizeof(int16_t));
		} else
			ec->cond_met++;
	} else
		ec->cond_met = 0;

	/* Non-Linear Processing */

	ec->clean_nlp = ec->clean;
	if (ec->adaption_mode & ECHO_CAN_USE_NLP) {
		/*
		 * Non-linear processor - a fancy way to say "zap small
		 * signals, to avoid residual echo due to (uLaw/ALaw)
		 * non-linearity in the channel.".
		 */

		if ((16 * ec->lclean < ec->ltx)) {
			/*
			 * Our e/c has improved echo by at least 24 dB (each
			 * factor of 2 is 6dB, so 2*2*2*2=16 is the same as
			 * 6+6+6+6=24dB)
			 */
			if (ec->adaption_mode & ECHO_CAN_USE_CNG) {
				ec->cng_level = ec->lbgn;

				/*
				 * Very elementary comfort noise generation.
				 * Just random numbers rolled off very vaguely
				 * Hoth-like.  DR: This noise doesn't sound
				 * quite right to me - I suspect there are some
				 * overflow issues in the filtering as it's too
				 * "crackly".
				 * TODO: debug this, maybe just play noise at
				 * high level or look at spectrum.
				 */

				ec->cng_rndnum =
				    1664525U * ec->cng_rndnum + 1013904223U;
				ec->cng_filter =
				    ((ec->cng_rndnum & 0xFFFF) - 32768 +
				     5 * ec->cng_filter) >> 3;
				ec->clean_nlp =
				    (ec->cng_filter * ec->cng_level * 8) >> 14;

			} else if (ec->adaption_mode & ECHO_CAN_USE_CLIP) {
				/* This sounds much better than CNG */
				if (ec->clean_nlp > ec->lbgn)
					ec->clean_nlp = ec->lbgn;
				if (ec->clean_nlp < -ec->lbgn)
					ec->clean_nlp = -ec->lbgn;
			} else {
				/*
				 * just mute the residual, doesn't sound very
				 * good, used mainly in G168 tests
				 */
				ec->clean_nlp = 0;
			}
		} else {
			/*
			 * Background noise estimator.  I tried a few
			 * algorithms here without much luck.  This very simple
			 * one seems to work best, we just average the level
			 * using a slow (1 sec time const) filter if the
			 * current level is less than a (experimentally
			 * derived) constant.  This means we dont include high
			 * level signals like near end speech.  When combined
			 * with CNG or especially CLIP seems to work OK.
			 */
			if (ec->lclean < 40) {
				ec->lbgn_acc += abs(ec->clean) - ec->lbgn;
				ec->lbgn = (ec->lbgn_acc + (1 << 11)) >> 12;
			}
		}
	}

	/* Roll around the taps buffer */
	if (ec->curr_pos <= 0)
		ec->curr_pos = ec->taps;
	ec->curr_pos--;

	if (ec->adaption_mode & ECHO_CAN_DISABLE)
		ec->clean_nlp = rx;

	/* Output scaled back up again to match input scaling */

	return (int16_t) ec->clean_nlp << 1;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(oslec_update);

/* This function is separated from the echo canceller is it is usually called
   as part of the tx process.  See rx HP (DC blocking) filter above, it's
   the same design.

   Some soft phones send speech signals with a lot of low frequency
   energy, e.g. down to 20Hz.  This can make the hybrid non-linear
   which causes the echo canceller to fall over.  This filter can help
   by removing any low frequency before it gets to the tx port of the
   hybrid.

   It can also help by removing and DC in the tx signal.  DC is bad
   for LMS algorithms.

   This is one of the classic DC removal filters, adjusted to provide
   sufficient bass rolloff to meet the above requirement to protect hybrids
   from things that upset them. The difference between successive samples
   produces a lousy HPF, and then a suitably placed pole flattens things out.
   The final result is a nicely rolled off bass end. The filtering is
   implemented with extended fractional precision, which noise shapes things,
   giving very clean DC removal.
*/

int16_t oslec_hpf_tx(struct oslec_state *ec, int16_t tx)
{
	int tmp;
	int tmp1;

	if (ec->adaption_mode & ECHO_CAN_USE_TX_HPF) {
		tmp = tx << 15;

		/*
		 * Make sure the gain of the HPF is 1.0. The first can still
		 * saturate a little under impulse conditions, and it might
		 * roll to 32768 and need clipping on sustained peak level
		 * signals. However, the scale of such clipping is small, and
		 * the error due to any saturation should not markedly affect
		 * the downstream processing.
		 */
		tmp -= (tmp >> 4);

		ec->tx_1 += -(ec->tx_1 >> DC_LOG2BETA) + tmp - ec->tx_2;
		tmp1 = ec->tx_1 >> 15;
		if (tmp1 > 32767)
			tmp1 = 32767;
		if (tmp1 < -32767)
			tmp1 = -32767;
		tx = tmp1;
		ec->tx_2 = tmp;
	}

	return tx;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(oslec_hpf_tx);

MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
MODULE_AUTHOR("David Rowe");
MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Open Source Line Echo Canceller");
MODULE_VERSION("0.3.0");