bpf: Refactor ptr alu checking rules to allow alu explicitly

Current checking rules are structured to disallow alu on particular ptr
types explicitly, so default cases are allowed implicitly. This may lead
to newly added ptr types being allowed unexpectedly. So restruture it to
allow alu explicitly. The tradeoff is mainly a bit more cases added in
the switch. The following table from Eduard summarizes the rules:

        | Pointer type        | Arithmetics allowed |
        |---------------------+---------------------|
        | PTR_TO_CTX          | yes                 |
        | CONST_PTR_TO_MAP    | conditionally       |
        | PTR_TO_MAP_VALUE    | yes                 |
        | PTR_TO_MAP_KEY      | yes                 |
        | PTR_TO_STACK        | yes                 |
        | PTR_TO_PACKET_META  | yes                 |
        | PTR_TO_PACKET       | yes                 |
        | PTR_TO_PACKET_END   | no                  |
        | PTR_TO_FLOW_KEYS    | conditionally       |
        | PTR_TO_SOCKET       | no                  |
        | PTR_TO_SOCK_COMMON  | no                  |
        | PTR_TO_TCP_SOCK     | no                  |
        | PTR_TO_TP_BUFFER    | yes                 |
        | PTR_TO_XDP_SOCK     | no                  |
        | PTR_TO_BTF_ID       | yes                 |
        | PTR_TO_MEM          | yes                 |
        | PTR_TO_BUF          | yes                 |
        | PTR_TO_FUNC         | yes                 |
        | CONST_PTR_TO_DYNPTR | yes                 |

The refactored rules are equivalent to the original one. Note that
PTR_TO_FUNC and CONST_PTR_TO_DYNPTR are not reject here because: (1)
check_mem_access() rejects load/store on those ptrs, and those ptrs
with offset passing to calls are rejected check_func_arg_reg_off();
(2) someone may rely on the verifier not rejecting programs earily.

Signed-off-by: Hao Sun <sunhao.th@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Eduard Zingerman <eddyz87@gmail.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20240117094012.36798-1-sunhao.th@gmail.com
Signed-off-by: Alexei Starovoitov <ast@kernel.org>

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